CAJ | 학술논문

农业土壤是重要的温室气体排放源，各种农业措施对温室气体排放产生重要的影响。免耕和秸秆覆盖作为两种重要的保护性耕作措施正在被越来越广泛的应用，但是其对土壤温室气体排放的影响还不明确，结果存在分歧。通过对免耕和秸秆覆盖措施下农田三种主要的温室气体（CO2、CH4和N2O）排放的相关研究进行对比分析，探讨两种保护性农业措施对温室气体排放的影响。研究表明，免耕减少土壤干扰，增加团聚体的稳定性，有利于难分解碳的形成，减少土壤 CO2排放；与常规耕作相比，免耕有利于CH4氧化，增强甲烷氧化菌活性，降低CH4排放；免耕对N2O排放的影响与气候类型和土壤性质有密切的相关关系，在干燥的气候条件下，免耕增加通气条件差的土壤的 N2O 排放，对通气好的土壤影响不大。而在湿润的气候条件下，不同的土壤性质结论不一致。秸秆覆盖增加土壤 CO2排放，并随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而增大；秸秆覆盖对CH4排放的影响有很大的不确定性，与覆盖方式和覆盖秸秆性质有密切联系；大部分研究认为秸秆覆盖增加N2O排放，但也有研究认为秸秆覆盖对N2O排放无影响或降低N2O排放量，秸秆覆盖对N2O排放机理复杂，需要进一步研究。通过综述发现随着保护性农业措施的推广，大量的研究集中在其对作物产量、土壤水分利用率、土壤性质等方面的研究；而保护性农业措施对温室气体排放的研究相对较少，特别是对三种温室气体的综合影响研究并不多见。因此，需结合不同土地类型，开展不同气候类型下免耕和秸秆覆盖对三种主要温室气体排放影响的综合研究，预测增温潜势，为不同气候带保护性农业措施下温室气体排放提供基础数据，并为制定合理的耕作和秸秆覆盖措施提供理论支持。运用同位素示踪等新技术明确秸秆覆盖对温室气体排放的直接和间接贡献率，结合不同研究区土壤类型和气候条件，探索既可以减少温室气体排放，又可以保持作物产量的合理的秸秆覆盖和耕作措施。農業土壤是重要的溫室氣體排放源，各種農業措施對溫室氣體排放產生重要的影響。免耕和秸稈覆蓋作為兩種重要的保護性耕作措施正在被越來越廣汎的應用，但是其對土壤溫室氣體排放的影響還不明確，結果存在分歧。通過對免耕和秸稈覆蓋措施下農田三種主要的溫室氣體（CO2、CH4和N2O）排放的相關研究進行對比分析，探討兩種保護性農業措施對溫室氣體排放的影響。研究錶明，免耕減少土壤榦擾，增加糰聚體的穩定性，有利于難分解碳的形成，減少土壤 CO2排放；與常規耕作相比，免耕有利于CH4氧化，增彊甲烷氧化菌活性，降低CH4排放；免耕對N2O排放的影響與氣候類型和土壤性質有密切的相關關繫，在榦燥的氣候條件下，免耕增加通氣條件差的土壤的 N2O 排放，對通氣好的土壤影響不大。而在濕潤的氣候條件下，不同的土壤性質結論不一緻。秸稈覆蓋增加土壤 CO2排放，併隨著秸稈覆蓋量的增加而增大；秸稈覆蓋對CH4排放的影響有很大的不確定性，與覆蓋方式和覆蓋秸稈性質有密切聯繫；大部分研究認為秸稈覆蓋增加N2O排放，但也有研究認為秸稈覆蓋對N2O排放無影響或降低N2O排放量，秸稈覆蓋對N2O排放機理複雜，需要進一步研究。通過綜述髮現隨著保護性農業措施的推廣，大量的研究集中在其對作物產量、土壤水分利用率、土壤性質等方麵的研究；而保護性農業措施對溫室氣體排放的研究相對較少，特彆是對三種溫室氣體的綜閤影響研究併不多見。因此，需結閤不同土地類型，開展不同氣候類型下免耕和秸稈覆蓋對三種主要溫室氣體排放影響的綜閤研究，預測增溫潛勢，為不同氣候帶保護性農業措施下溫室氣體排放提供基礎數據，併為製定閤理的耕作和秸稈覆蓋措施提供理論支持。運用同位素示蹤等新技術明確秸稈覆蓋對溫室氣體排放的直接和間接貢獻率，結閤不同研究區土壤類型和氣候條件，探索既可以減少溫室氣體排放，又可以保持作物產量的閤理的秸稈覆蓋和耕作措施。
농업토양시중요적온실기체배방원，각충농업조시대온실기체배방산생중요적영향。면경화갈간복개작위량충중요적보호성경작조시정재피월래월엄범적응용，단시기대토양온실기체배방적영향환불명학，결과존재분기。통과대면경화갈간복개조시하농전삼충주요적온실기체（CO2、CH4화N2O）배방적상관연구진행대비분석，탐토량충보호성농업조시대온실기체배방적영향。연구표명，면경감소토양간우，증가단취체적은정성，유리우난분해탄적형성，감소토양 CO2배방；여상규경작상비，면경유리우CH4양화，증강갑완양화균활성，강저CH4배방；면경대N2O배방적영향여기후류형화토양성질유밀절적상관관계，재간조적기후조건하，면경증가통기조건차적토양적 N2O 배방，대통기호적토양영향불대。이재습윤적기후조건하，불동적토양성질결론불일치。갈간복개증가토양 CO2배방，병수착갈간복개량적증가이증대；갈간복개대CH4배방적영향유흔대적불학정성，여복개방식화복개갈간성질유밀절련계；대부분연구인위갈간복개증가N2O배방，단야유연구인위갈간복개대N2O배방무영향혹강저N2O배방량，갈간복개대N2O배방궤리복잡，수요진일보연구。통과종술발현수착보호성농업조시적추엄，대량적연구집중재기대작물산량、토양수분이용솔、토양성질등방면적연구；이보호성농업조시대온실기체배방적연구상대교소，특별시대삼충온실기체적종합영향연구병불다견。인차，수결합불동토지류형，개전불동기후류형하면경화갈간복개대삼충주요온실기체배방영향적종합연구，예측증온잠세，위불동기후대보호성농업조시하온실기체배방제공기출수거，병위제정합리적경작화갈간복개조시제공이론지지。운용동위소시종등신기술명학갈간복개대온실기체배방적직접화간접공헌솔，결합불동연구구토양류형화기후조건，탐색기가이감소온실기체배방，우가이보지작물산량적합리적갈간복개화경작조시。
Agriculture soil is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and agricultural management strategies would have a significant influence on GHGs. As two important conservation agricultural strategies, no-till and straw mulch are getting an increasingly wide use in agricultural activities. However, the effect of no-till and straw mulch on GHGs is not clear, and the results from the previous studies are inconsistent. In this study, three important GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O) under no-till and straw mulch management were analyzed through analyzing the results from previous literatures to investigate the effect of no-till and straw mulch on GHGs compared with conventional tillage. The results indicated that compared with conventional tillage, no-till reduced soil disturbance, increased the stability of soil aggregates, favored for formation of stable carbon, and reduced CO2 emissions. No-till was benefit for CH4 oxidation, increased the activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria, and reduced CH4 emission. The effect of no-till treatment on N2O emission was highly correlated with climate conditions and soil properties. In dry climate condition, no-till increased N2O emission in poorly-aerated soil, but did not obviously impact N2O emission in good-aerated soil. In wet climate condition, the impacts of no-till on N2Oemission were different under different soil properties. Straw mulch generally increased soil CO2 emission, and it increased with the increase of straw mulch amount. The impact of straw mulch on CH4 emission was highly uncertain, but closely related with the mulching methods and the straw properties. Most researches indicated that straw mulch increased N2O emission, while there were also some research results of no effect or reducing N2O emission. The mechanism of the impact of straw mulch on N2O emission is complex and needs a further research. In the end, research prospect in this field was pointed out. As the promotion of conservation agriculture, many studies were concentrated on crop yield, soil water use efficiency, and soil properties, etc., while the effect of conservation agriculture on GHGs was relative less researched, especially for the combined effect of conservation agriculture on the three major GHGs. Hence, research in the future should focus on the combined effect of no-till and straw mulch on GHGs and forecasting the global warming potential of GHGs, which could provide basic data and theory supports for finding appropriate tillage treatments and straw mulch strategies. Some new technologies, such as isotope tracer technique, can be used to determine the direct and indirect contribution of straw mulch to GHGs. The appropriate tillage and straw mulch treatments that can reduce the GHGs and maintain a reasonable crop yield should be explored in different soil types and weather conditions in different research regions.