CAJ | 학술논문

为了研究施氮水平对农田土壤氨挥发的影响机制，依据北京房山农田土壤类型，结合当地农民种植与施氮习惯，设定N0~N7共8个施氮水平，施肥量分别为0、50、100、150、200、250、300、400 kg·hm-2，利用田间试验原位测定的方法，研究分析了京郊冬小麦田种植体系氨挥发损失的规律及氮肥剂量效应。结果表明，冬小麦种植体系在施入氮肥后发生了明显的氨挥发，且氨挥发主要发生在施肥后1~2周内，在施肥后2~3 d出现氨挥发速率峰值，基肥与追肥后氨挥发速率最大分别达到2.41、1.42 kg·hm-2·d-1，基肥期氨挥发量在0.81~14.29 kg·hm-2，追肥期氨挥发量在2.20~6.91 kg·hm-2。在整个冬小麦生长期间，高施氮量处理的氨挥发量均高于低施氮量处理。当施氮量超过150 kg·hm-2时,由于氨挥发增加导致农田氮损失显著提高，优化施肥量能明显降低冬小麦种植过程中的氨挥发损失。施氮水平为150 kg·hm-2的冬小麦产量为5493.63 kg·hm-2，高于其他施氮水平处理的小麦产量。可见，合理的氮肥用量能够兼顾产量和生态环境，本研究中在150 kg·hm-2的氮肥水平下，小麦产量最高且氨挥发损失较低。
위료연구시담수평대농전토양안휘발적영향궤제，의거북경방산농전토양류형，결합당지농민충식여시담습관，설정N0~N7공8개시담수평，시비량분별위0、50、100、150、200、250、300、400 kg·hm-2，이용전간시험원위측정적방법，연구분석료경교동소맥전충식체계안휘발손실적규률급담비제량효응。결과표명，동소맥충식체계재시입담비후발생료명현적안휘발，차안휘발주요발생재시비후1~2주내，재시비후2~3 d출현안휘발속솔봉치，기비여추비후안휘발속솔최대분별체도2.41、1.42 kg·hm-2·d-1，기비기안휘발량재0.81~14.29 kg·hm-2，추비기안휘발량재2.20~6.91 kg·hm-2。재정개동소맥생장기간，고시담량처리적안휘발량균고우저시담량처리。당시담량초과150 kg·hm-2시,유우안휘발증가도치농전담손실현저제고，우화시비량능명현강저동소맥충식과정중적안휘발손실。시담수평위150 kg·hm-2적동소맥산량위5493.63 kg·hm-2，고우기타시담수평처리적소맥산량。가견，합리적담비용량능구겸고산량화생태배경，본연구중재150 kg·hm-2적담비수평하，소맥산량최고차안휘발손실교저。
Ammonia volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen losses from soils. Here a field experiment with different nitrogen rates was set up in Fangshan district, Beijing. The nitrogen rates included N0(0 kg·hm-2), N1(50 kg·hm-2), N2(100 kg·hm-2), N3(150 kg·hm-2), N4(200 kg·hm-2), N5(250 kg·hm-2), N6(300 kg·hm-2), and N7(400 kg·hm-2). Ammonia volatilization from soil in winter wheat field was measured using in-situ measurement method. Detectable ammonia volatilization occurred 1~2 weeks after N fertilization in winter wheat field, and the peaks of ammonia volatilization happened 2~3 days after fertilization. The ammonia volatilization rates were the highest after basal fertilization and top dressing, which were 2.41 and 1.42 kg·hm-2·d-1, respectively. The amount of ammonia volatilization varied from 0.81~4.29 kg·hm-2 after basal fertilization, 2.20~6.91 kg·hm-2 after top dressing. Throughout the entire winter wheat growing period, am-monia volatilization was higher in high- than low-nitrogen treatments. At nitrogen rates exceeding 150 kg·hm-2, total nitrogen loss increased sharply due to elevated ammonia volatilization. In the treatment with 150 kg·N hm-2, the winter wheat yield was as high as 5 493.63 kg· hm-2, higher than that of all other nitrogen treatments. Therefore, optimizing nitrogen rates could reduce ammonia volatilization loss without decreasing wheat production. The present data show that 150 kg·hm-2 nitrogen would be optimal for better yield and less ammonia volatiliza-tion losses.