生态环境学报
生態環境學報
생태배경학보
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
2014年
8期
1384-1389
,共6页
孟雪征%牛贵龙%曾明%柳学速%韩玉伟%曹相生
孟雪徵%牛貴龍%曾明%柳學速%韓玉偉%曹相生
맹설정%우귀룡%증명%류학속%한옥위%조상생
邻苯二甲酸脂%环境激素%细菌%鉴定%内分泌干扰物质
鄰苯二甲痠脂%環境激素%細菌%鑒定%內分泌榦擾物質
린분이갑산지%배경격소%세균%감정%내분비간우물질
phthalic acid esters%environmental hormones%bacteria%identify%endocrine disruptors
邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)广泛用于塑料产品、皮革、建筑材料、个人护理产品、洗涤剂、油漆和药物等产品中。作为最常用的增塑剂,DEHP一直是备受关注的人工合成物。本文在国内外已有研究成果的基础上,综述分析了DEHP的危害、分布和生物降解等,为今后的研究提供思路。许多动物实验研究结果显示,DEHP具有生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性、胚胎毒性、肝脏毒性及致癌性等多种毒性,并具有引起甲状腺素代谢改变的类雌激素活性。虽有针对 DEHP 与乳腺癌、胰腺癌、睾丸癌、呼吸系统癌症和多发性骨髓瘤等的关系之间的研究,但无足够证据表明 DEHP 会导致人类患上这些癌症或其他疾病。由于人体实验数据的严重缺乏,DEHP对人体的毒性并未得到完全确认,因此WHO将DEHP列为2B类物质,意为可能的致癌物质。作者认为DEHP的人体毒性实验是有关DEHP研究的前提和首要任务,因此建议对DEHP接触人群开展追踪研究,以获得基础性数据。另外鉴于环境中存在多种污染物质,因此建议开展 DEHP 与其他物质的协同毒性的研究。检测数据表明,DEHP已经广泛存在于水、食品容器、空气和土壤中。我国松花江、黄河和长江等多处采样点的数值超出了国家规定的生活饮用水水源水标准或国家地表水水质标准。DEHP 也是污水中最为常见的内分泌干扰物质。DEHP也广泛存在于牛奶、肉、奶酪、谷物、鱼和各种海产品等,且脂类含量越高,如牛奶、肉类和鱼类等,则DEHP的含量越高。塑料包装的食品如果放置时间过长,则会导致更多的DEHP释放到食品中。家具及装修材料也会释放DEHP,因此室内空气中也会含有一定量的DEHP。目前,美国、澳大利亚、日本等大多数国家规定DEHP在空气中的职业暴露限值为5 mg·m-3,WHO建议饮用水中DEHP的限值为8μg·L-1,我国也采用了这一标准。在食品及包装领域,我国规定DEHP仅能用于接触非脂肪性食品的容器,不得用于接触婴幼儿食品用的材料,且最大残留量为1.5 mg·kg-1食品。但鉴于DEHP在脂类食品中的浓度相对较高,因此作者建议尽快制定牛奶和奶酪等食品的DEHP限值。在生物降解DEHP的研究上,目前已经分离鉴定了很多种属的 DEHP 降解微生物并进行了大量的降解性实验,如荧光假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌、微杆菌、紫红红球菌和一些真菌藻类等。这说明自然界中广泛存在能够降解 DEHP 的微生物。但鉴于大部分微生物是不可培养的,因此作者建议采用分子生物学手段开展原位鉴定工作,以期望找到更多的 DEHP 降解微生物。在微生物研究的基础上,建议逐步开展共代谢、基因菌构建、生化强化和固定化等工艺和技术方面的研究工作,为 DEHP 在工艺上的去除积累更多的基础性资料。
鄰苯二甲痠二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)廣汎用于塑料產品、皮革、建築材料、箇人護理產品、洗滌劑、油漆和藥物等產品中。作為最常用的增塑劑,DEHP一直是備受關註的人工閤成物。本文在國內外已有研究成果的基礎上,綜述分析瞭DEHP的危害、分佈和生物降解等,為今後的研究提供思路。許多動物實驗研究結果顯示,DEHP具有生殖髮育毒性、免疫毒性、胚胎毒性、肝髒毒性及緻癌性等多種毒性,併具有引起甲狀腺素代謝改變的類雌激素活性。雖有針對 DEHP 與乳腺癌、胰腺癌、睪汍癌、呼吸繫統癌癥和多髮性骨髓瘤等的關繫之間的研究,但無足夠證據錶明 DEHP 會導緻人類患上這些癌癥或其他疾病。由于人體實驗數據的嚴重缺乏,DEHP對人體的毒性併未得到完全確認,因此WHO將DEHP列為2B類物質,意為可能的緻癌物質。作者認為DEHP的人體毒性實驗是有關DEHP研究的前提和首要任務,因此建議對DEHP接觸人群開展追蹤研究,以穫得基礎性數據。另外鑒于環境中存在多種汙染物質,因此建議開展 DEHP 與其他物質的協同毒性的研究。檢測數據錶明,DEHP已經廣汎存在于水、食品容器、空氣和土壤中。我國鬆花江、黃河和長江等多處採樣點的數值超齣瞭國傢規定的生活飲用水水源水標準或國傢地錶水水質標準。DEHP 也是汙水中最為常見的內分泌榦擾物質。DEHP也廣汎存在于牛奶、肉、奶酪、穀物、魚和各種海產品等,且脂類含量越高,如牛奶、肉類和魚類等,則DEHP的含量越高。塑料包裝的食品如果放置時間過長,則會導緻更多的DEHP釋放到食品中。傢具及裝脩材料也會釋放DEHP,因此室內空氣中也會含有一定量的DEHP。目前,美國、澳大利亞、日本等大多數國傢規定DEHP在空氣中的職業暴露限值為5 mg·m-3,WHO建議飲用水中DEHP的限值為8μg·L-1,我國也採用瞭這一標準。在食品及包裝領域,我國規定DEHP僅能用于接觸非脂肪性食品的容器,不得用于接觸嬰幼兒食品用的材料,且最大殘留量為1.5 mg·kg-1食品。但鑒于DEHP在脂類食品中的濃度相對較高,因此作者建議儘快製定牛奶和奶酪等食品的DEHP限值。在生物降解DEHP的研究上,目前已經分離鑒定瞭很多種屬的 DEHP 降解微生物併進行瞭大量的降解性實驗,如熒光假單胞菌、銅綠假單胞菌、微桿菌、紫紅紅毬菌和一些真菌藻類等。這說明自然界中廣汎存在能夠降解 DEHP 的微生物。但鑒于大部分微生物是不可培養的,因此作者建議採用分子生物學手段開展原位鑒定工作,以期望找到更多的 DEHP 降解微生物。在微生物研究的基礎上,建議逐步開展共代謝、基因菌構建、生化彊化和固定化等工藝和技術方麵的研究工作,為 DEHP 在工藝上的去除積纍更多的基礎性資料。
린분이갑산이(2-을기기기)지(DEHP)엄범용우소료산품、피혁、건축재료、개인호리산품、세조제、유칠화약물등산품중。작위최상용적증소제,DEHP일직시비수관주적인공합성물。본문재국내외이유연구성과적기출상,종술분석료DEHP적위해、분포화생물강해등,위금후적연구제공사로。허다동물실험연구결과현시,DEHP구유생식발육독성、면역독성、배태독성、간장독성급치암성등다충독성,병구유인기갑상선소대사개변적류자격소활성。수유침대 DEHP 여유선암、이선암、고환암、호흡계통암증화다발성골수류등적관계지간적연구,단무족구증거표명 DEHP 회도치인류환상저사암증혹기타질병。유우인체실험수거적엄중결핍,DEHP대인체적독성병미득도완전학인,인차WHO장DEHP렬위2B류물질,의위가능적치암물질。작자인위DEHP적인체독성실험시유관DEHP연구적전제화수요임무,인차건의대DEHP접촉인군개전추종연구,이획득기출성수거。령외감우배경중존재다충오염물질,인차건의개전 DEHP 여기타물질적협동독성적연구。검측수거표명,DEHP이경엄범존재우수、식품용기、공기화토양중。아국송화강、황하화장강등다처채양점적수치초출료국가규정적생활음용수수원수표준혹국가지표수수질표준。DEHP 야시오수중최위상견적내분비간우물질。DEHP야엄범존재우우내、육、내락、곡물、어화각충해산품등,차지류함량월고,여우내、육류화어류등,칙DEHP적함량월고。소료포장적식품여과방치시간과장,칙회도치경다적DEHP석방도식품중。가구급장수재료야회석방DEHP,인차실내공기중야회함유일정량적DEHP。목전,미국、오대리아、일본등대다수국가규정DEHP재공기중적직업폭로한치위5 mg·m-3,WHO건의음용수중DEHP적한치위8μg·L-1,아국야채용료저일표준。재식품급포장영역,아국규정DEHP부능용우접촉비지방성식품적용기,불득용우접촉영유인식품용적재료,차최대잔류량위1.5 mg·kg-1식품。단감우DEHP재지류식품중적농도상대교고,인차작자건의진쾌제정우내화내락등식품적DEHP한치。재생물강해DEHP적연구상,목전이경분리감정료흔다충속적 DEHP 강해미생물병진행료대량적강해성실험,여형광가단포균、동록가단포균、미간균、자홍홍구균화일사진균조류등。저설명자연계중엄범존재능구강해 DEHP 적미생물。단감우대부분미생물시불가배양적,인차작자건의채용분자생물학수단개전원위감정공작,이기망조도경다적 DEHP 강해미생물。재미생물연구적기출상,건의축보개전공대사、기인균구건、생화강화화고정화등공예화기술방면적연구공작,위 DEHP 재공예상적거제적루경다적기출성자료。
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely found in plastics, leather, building materials, personal care products, detergents, paint, pharmaceuticals etc. As one of the synthetic organic compounds, DEHP is used as the most popular plasticizer in the world. This review present the toxic effects, regulations, occurrence and biodegradation of DEHP based on a wide range of papers and articles. The current and future directions in the field of DEHP researches are put forward. DEHP is toxic to immune system, embryo and liver etc. It also has carcinogenicity and is considered as an endocrine disrupter. Studies have shown the positively relation between DEHP and breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, testicular cancer, respiratory cancer and multiple myeloma etc., but there are no sufficient evidences to prove that DEHP can cause these cancers in human bodies. Since the severe lack of data of human beings, the toxicity of DEHP on human bodies has not fully confirmed. That is the reason why WHO suggests DEHP listed in the Group 2B carcinogen. As the toxic of DEHP to human beings is fundamental to other research works related to DEHP, We recommend the DEHP toxicity continuous experiments on human bodies should be performed as soon as possible. DEHP is widely present in water, food containers, air and soil. Data of samples from Songhua River, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River show that the concentrations of DEHP are beyond the limits of Chinese drinking water source standards or Chinese surface water quality standards. DEHP is also a common chemical in effluent of wastewater treatment plants. It is widely found in cheese, cereals and seafood, particularly in high lipid content foods such as milk, meat and fishes. If foods with plastic packages are stored for a long period, it will lead to more DEHP released to the foods. Furniture and decoration materials will also release DEHP to their environment;therefore the indoor air contains a certain amount of DEHP. In some countries such as America, Australia, Japan, DEHP concentration limitation in soil is 5 mg·m-3. WHO suggests that the maximum concentration of DEHP in drinking water is 8μg·L-1. According to Chinese regulations, packing materials for high lipid content or infants foods should not have DEHP and the maximum residual concentration of DEHP is 1.5 mg per 1 kg food. We recommend that Chinese government should draw up a new regulation to limit DEHP concentration in high fat content foods such as milk since the relative high concentration of DEHP in this kind of foods. Up to now, there are numerous research works on DEHP biodegradation and many bacteria has been isolated and identified. These bacteria include Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microbacterium, Rhodococcus rhodochrous etc. However, most of bacteria in environment are unculturable, thus it is necessary to apply molecular biology technologies to find more DEHP biodegradation bacteria in various habitats. Based on these microbial works, bioaugmentation, cometabolism and immobilization technologies should be introduced to remove DEHP in our environment and thus establish the best removal process.