CAJ | 학술논문

针对华北平原小麦生产水资源高耗与存量极度稀缺的问题,通过河北省两地大田试验,研究了全田土下微膜覆盖与不同灌水管理对冬小麦水分利用和物质生产效果的作用。结果表明,土下微膜覆盖条件下,冬小麦雨养或少量灌水消耗了占常规生产(对照)2/3~3/4的耗水量,生产了不少于7500 kg hm–2的籽粒产量；籽粒产量水分利用效率达到24.8~26.5 kg mm–1 hm–2,较对照提高28.3%~41.0%。与对照相比,生物产量水分利用效率高峰由抽穗扬花期提前至拔节期,且提高1.3~2.7倍,雨养或少量灌水还可有效提高小麦收获指数。土下微膜覆盖下的土壤贮水消耗速度变缓,2 m土体贮水量播种时不小于600 mm就可满足小麦的全生育期耗水,壤质土壤供水量为212.2 mm,黏质土壤供水量为230.0 mm。土下微膜覆盖下,雨养或扬花前少量灌水能够显著促进花后20 d内的净光合速率,蒸腾速率减小同步显著提高光合水分利用效率,但在灌浆中期灌水则对提高净光合速率及光合水分利用效率无意义。在华北平原,全田土下微膜覆盖雨养或适时少量灌水是大幅降低小麦耗水和提高水分利用效率,保证小麦产量的有效方法。
침대화북평원소맥생산수자원고모여존량겁도희결적문제,통과하북성량지대전시험,연구료전전토하미막복개여불동관수관리대동소맥수분이용화물질생산효과적작용。결과표명,토하미막복개조건하,동소맥우양혹소량관수소모료점상규생산(대조)2/3~3/4적모수량,생산료불소우7500 kg hm–2적자립산량；자립산량수분이용효솔체도24.8~26.5 kg mm–1 hm–2,교대조제고28.3%~41.0%。여대조상비,생물산량수분이용효솔고봉유추수양화기제전지발절기,차제고1.3~2.7배,우양혹소량관수환가유효제고소맥수획지수。토하미막복개하적토양저수소모속도변완,2 m토체저수량파충시불소우600 mm취가만족소맥적전생육기모수,양질토양공수량위212.2 mm,점질토양공수량위230.0 mm。토하미막복개하,우양혹양화전소량관수능구현저촉진화후20 d내적정광합속솔,증등속솔감소동보현저제고광합수분이용효솔,단재관장중기관수칙대제고정광합속솔급광합수분이용효솔무의의。재화북평원,전전토하미막복개우양혹괄시소량관수시대폭강저소맥모수화제고수분이용효솔,보증소맥산량적유효방법。
Serious deficiency of water resource is one of the biggest problems in winter wheat production in North China Plain. We conducted a field experiment in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons to study the effect of soil-coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching (SCUPFM) in combination with controlled irrigation on water use efficiency and matter production of winter wheat. Compared to traditional planting practice (control), SCUPFM plus zero (rainfed) or small-amount irrigation produced wheat yield more than 7500 kg ha–1, and consumed 2/3 to 3/4 of water. The yield-based water use efficiency of SCUPFM treatments was 24.8–26.5 kg mm–1 ha–1, which was 28.3%–41.0%higher than that of the control. Under SCUPFM condition, the biomass-based water use efficiency in the whole growing period was 1.3–2.7 folds of the control, with an earlier peak from heading to jointing stage. Meanwhile, the harvest index also increased under SCUPFM with no or small irrigation. SCUPFM resulted in slow consumption of soil water, and 600 mm of moisture content in 2 m soil profile at seeding stage could provide enough water for the whole growing period of wheat. Water supply from 2 m soil layer was 212.2 mm in loam at Xinji site and 230.0 mm in clay at Shenzhou site. SCUPFM with irrigation or small irrigation before anthesis could significantly enhance net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and decrease transpiration rate (Tr) within 20 days after anthesis. As a result, the leaf-based water use efficiency increased significantly. However, late irrigation at mid-filling stage had no such effect. Therefore, SCUPFM in combination with no or small irrigation at proper stage is effective to maintain wheat yield and increase water use efficiency greatly in North China Plain.