农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2014年
20期
10-18
,共9页
孙永健%郑洪帧%徐徽%杨志远%贾现文%程洪彪%马均
孫永健%鄭洪幀%徐徽%楊誌遠%賈現文%程洪彪%馬均
손영건%정홍정%서휘%양지원%가현문%정홍표%마균
农业机械%农作物%生长%水稻%直播%栽培方式%产量
農業機械%農作物%生長%水稻%直播%栽培方式%產量
농업궤계%농작물%생장%수도%직파%재배방식%산량
agricultural machinery%crops%growth%rice%direct-seeding%cultivation pattern%grain yield
为了明确机械旱直播模式下水稻的产量形成机制，以杂交籼稻（F优498）和常规粳稻（徐稻4号）为试材，通过一次浅旋耕机械旱直播（B1）、“调墒、两旋”机械旱直播（B2）2种机械旱直播处理，并以人工撒播（B3）处理为对照，研究其对直播水稻产量形成的影响及其生理特性。结果表明，品种与直播处理对水稻主要生育时期干物质累积、叶面积指数（leaf area index，LAI）、结实期剑叶净光合速率与保护酶活性、根系伤流强度、茎秆抗倒伏特性及产量均存在显著影响。不同直播处理下，F优498在产量及生长发育特性各指标上均显著高于徐稻4号。与B3相比，同一品种下机械旱直播各处理均能优化群体茎蘖数，提高成穗率，保证齐穗期适宜的LAI，提高了高效叶面积率，并有利于提高结实期群体光合产物的积累、剑叶净光合速率与保护酶活性、根系伤流量及茎秆抗倒伏能力，并在保证一定数量有效穗的前提下，显著提高穗粒数、结实率及千粒质量，是机械旱直播水稻高产的重要原因。不同机械旱直播处理下，B2比 B1处理能进一步提高机直播水稻齐穗至成熟期干物质累积并延缓LAI的衰减、增强根系活力及茎秆的抗倒能力，提高了结实率及千粒质量，最终促进了产量的提高，为最佳的机械旱直播方式。
為瞭明確機械旱直播模式下水稻的產量形成機製，以雜交秈稻（F優498）和常規粳稻（徐稻4號）為試材，通過一次淺鏇耕機械旱直播（B1）、“調墑、兩鏇”機械旱直播（B2）2種機械旱直播處理，併以人工撒播（B3）處理為對照，研究其對直播水稻產量形成的影響及其生理特性。結果錶明，品種與直播處理對水稻主要生育時期榦物質纍積、葉麵積指數（leaf area index，LAI）、結實期劍葉淨光閤速率與保護酶活性、根繫傷流彊度、莖稈抗倒伏特性及產量均存在顯著影響。不同直播處理下，F優498在產量及生長髮育特性各指標上均顯著高于徐稻4號。與B3相比，同一品種下機械旱直播各處理均能優化群體莖蘗數，提高成穗率，保證齊穗期適宜的LAI，提高瞭高效葉麵積率，併有利于提高結實期群體光閤產物的積纍、劍葉淨光閤速率與保護酶活性、根繫傷流量及莖稈抗倒伏能力，併在保證一定數量有效穗的前提下，顯著提高穗粒數、結實率及韆粒質量，是機械旱直播水稻高產的重要原因。不同機械旱直播處理下，B2比 B1處理能進一步提高機直播水稻齊穗至成熟期榦物質纍積併延緩LAI的衰減、增彊根繫活力及莖稈的抗倒能力，提高瞭結實率及韆粒質量，最終促進瞭產量的提高，為最佳的機械旱直播方式。
위료명학궤계한직파모식하수도적산량형성궤제，이잡교선도（F우498）화상규갱도（서도4호）위시재，통과일차천선경궤계한직파（B1）、“조상、량선”궤계한직파（B2）2충궤계한직파처리，병이인공살파（B3）처리위대조，연구기대직파수도산량형성적영향급기생리특성。결과표명，품충여직파처리대수도주요생육시기간물질루적、협면적지수（leaf area index，LAI）、결실기검협정광합속솔여보호매활성、근계상류강도、경간항도복특성급산량균존재현저영향。불동직파처리하，F우498재산량급생장발육특성각지표상균현저고우서도4호。여B3상비，동일품충하궤계한직파각처리균능우화군체경얼수，제고성수솔，보증제수기괄의적LAI，제고료고효협면적솔，병유리우제고결실기군체광합산물적적루、검협정광합속솔여보호매활성、근계상류량급경간항도복능력，병재보증일정수량유효수적전제하，현저제고수립수、결실솔급천립질량，시궤계한직파수도고산적중요원인。불동궤계한직파처리하，B2비 B1처리능진일보제고궤직파수도제수지성숙기간물질루적병연완LAI적쇠감、증강근계활력급경간적항도능력，제고료결실솔급천립질량，최종촉진료산량적제고，위최가적궤계한직파방식。
In order to clarify yield formation mechanism of mechanical dry direct-sowing rice, the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of different mechanical dry direct-sowing modes on growth and development characteristics and yield of rice. Two different rice cultivars of indica hybrid rice F you 498 (143 days growth duration) and conventional japonica rice Xudao 4 (145 days growth duration) were planted with two mechanical dry direct-sowing modes, including a shallow rotary tillage land and mechanic drilling simultaneously (B1), regulating soil moisture and two rotary tillage before mechanic drilling (B2). Manual broad-cast sowing (B3) was set as control at the same time. We investigated and performed growth analysis during different growth periods, and determined yield formation and physiological characteristics under different direct-sowing treatments. The dry direct-sowing machine in this study was modified by Nanjing Agricultural University and was re-modified by Sichuan Agricultural University. This machine has six drills and sowed depth 2.0 cm, drill spacing 28.0 cm, working area 1.50 m. Motive power of this machine was the Shanghai New Holland tractor (SNH504). This test adopted row spacing 20 m × 1.5 m, each plot covered 30 m2of seeding amount was 30.0 kg/hm2of indica hybrid rice F you 498, 37.5 kg/hm2 of conventional japonica rice Xudao 4 respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer amount was 180 kg/hm2, and the amount of potash and phosphate were 90 and 180 kg/hm2, respectively. The N application ratios was applied on 4 splits: 50% basal, 30% tillering fertilizer at the third leaf stage, 10% panicle N-fertilizer at the 4th leaves emerged from the top, 10% ear granular fertilizer at the full heading stage. The phosphate fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer. The potash fertilizer application ratio of basic fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and ear granular fertilizer was 2:1:1. The other management measures were at a uniform with high-yield cultivation. The results showed that the variety difference and direct-sowing modes significantly affected dry matter accumulation and leaf area index (LAI) at the mainly growth periods, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and protective enzyme activities of flag leaves, root bleeding intensity, culm lodging resistance during the grain filling stage and the grain yield. Under different direct-sowing modes, the various indicators on yield and growth characteristics of F you 498 were significantly higher than those of Xudao 4. Compared with B3treatment, rice under mechanical direct-seeding modes could optimize the number of rice tillering, improve the percentage of earbearing tiller, maintain an appropriate LAI and increase efficient leaf area ratio at the full-heading stage. Besides mechanical direct-seeding could improve photosynthetic capacity at the grain filling stage and therefore increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products. In addition,Pn and protective enzyme activities in flag leaves, root bleeding intensity, culm lodging resistance during the grain filling stage under mechanical direct-seeding modes were superior, and rice could gain higher seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight with a number of effective panicles. These outstanding traits should be the important reason for mechanical direct-sowing rice further to increase yield. Under different mechanical direct-sowing modes, compared with B3, B2treatment was the best model in this study referred as the mechanical direct-sowing treatments, which could further promote the dry matter accumulation, alleviate LAI decay, increase root vigor and the ability of culm lodging resistance during grain filling stage, consequently, promoting the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight as well as the grain yield.
