CAJ | 학술논문

为探明耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田土壤呼吸特征的影响，通过两年田间裂区设计试验，研究了不同土壤耕作方式（常规翻耕、深翻、深松）与秸秆还田（秸秆还田、秸秆不还田）对周年农田土壤呼吸速率、相关土壤理化性状（土壤温度、水分、紧实度、有机碳含量）的影响、两因素的互作效用，以及土壤物理性状与土壤呼吸速率的相关性。结果表明，深耕（深翻和深松）显著增加了全年土壤呼吸速率；秸秆还田增加了冬小麦季的土壤呼吸速率，却显著降低了夏玉米季的土壤呼吸速率；深耕+秸秆还田可使冬小麦季和夏玉米季的土壤呼吸速率分别增加41.9%和21.0%。土壤温度、土壤有机碳与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关，土壤紧实度与土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关，且土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率相关系数最大。深耕与秸秆还田交互使冬小麦和夏玉米的干物质积累量分别提高34.9%和38.2%，根系干质量密度分别提高45.0%和39.4%，故在秸秆还田的基础上深翻或深松是黄淮海地区适宜的耕作方式。该研究结果可为制定黄淮海地区科学有效的土壤耕作方式提供理论依据。
위탐명경작방식、갈간환전이급이자교호대동소맥-하옥미일년량숙농전토양호흡특정적영향，통과량년전간렬구설계시험，연구료불동토양경작방식（상규번경、심번、심송）여갈간환전（갈간환전、갈간불환전）대주년농전토양호흡속솔、상관토양이화성상（토양온도、수분、긴실도、유궤탄함량）적영향、량인소적호작효용，이급토양물이성상여토양호흡속솔적상관성。결과표명，심경（심번화심송）현저증가료전년토양호흡속솔；갈간환전증가료동소맥계적토양호흡속솔，각현저강저료하옥미계적토양호흡속솔；심경+갈간환전가사동소맥계화하옥미계적토양호흡속솔분별증가41.9%화21.0%。토양온도、토양유궤탄여토양호흡속솔정정상관，토양긴실도여토양호흡속솔정현저부상관，차토양온도여토양호흡속솔상관계수최대。심경여갈간환전교호사동소맥화하옥미적간물질적루량분별제고34.9%화38.2%，근계간질량밀도분별제고45.0%화39.4%，고재갈간환전적기출상심번혹심송시황회해지구괄의적경작방식。해연구결과가위제정황회해지구과학유효적토양경작방식제공이론의거。
In Huang-Huai-Hai area in China, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)/summer maize (Zea mays) rotation is the dominant two-crop-per-year cropping system. Crop residue removal and subsoil compaction have become limiting factors for yield improvement in the area. Tillage and crop residue retained are two effective ways to improve soil properties and increase crop yield. Soil tillage and crop residue retained can reduce soil bulk density, improve water storage and aeration in the soil, increase soil microorganism and enzyme activities, improve soil biological properties, thus promote plant root growth and increase crop production. However, studies in the past mainly focused on the effects of single tillage or single crop residue retained on soil respiration. There is a need currently for research in the effects of tillage, crop residue retained and their interaction on soil respiration under the two-crop-per-year cropping system. A two-year field study from 2010 to 2012 was conducted to determine effects of tillage practice and crop residue management on soil respiration, soil temperature, soil water content, soil compaction, soil organic carbon content, dry matter accumulation of plant and root in the wheat-corn double crop cropping system. The study was conducted at the Wen County Experimental Station, Henan, China. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Tillage practice and crop residue management were two factors of interest. The tillage treatment was randomly assigned to main plots and crop residue treatment was randomly assigned to sub-plots. The tillage practice treatments were: moldboard plough (MP) to a maximum depth of 15 cm, deep moldboard plough (DMP) to a maximum depth of 30 cm, and chisel plough (CP) to a maximum depth of 30 cm. All three tillage treatments were implemented after corn harvested in October of 2010 and 2011. In addition to different plough treatments, all plots were disc harrowed before wheat planting. There were no direct tillage implements for corn as corn was seeded using a no-till planter. Crop residue management included two levels: crop residue retained (CRRet) and crop residue removed (CRRem). For the CRRet treatment, the wheat straw produced in 2011 and 2012 remained in fields as straw mulching for the following no-till corns, and the 2010 and 2011 corn stover was also incorporated into soil by tillage implements. For the CRRem treatment, both wheat straw and corn stover were removed from the field. The results indicated that there were significant (P<0.05) effects of tillage and crop residue management on soil respiration. Both soil tillage and crop residue retained significantly (P<0.05) increased soil respiration. Crop residue retained increased soil respiration during winter wheat season, but decreased soil respiration during summer maize season. During the growth period of winter wheat, DMP and CP increased soil respiration by 31.8% and 21.9%, respectively, relative to MP. The CRRet increased soil respiration by 14.3%compared with CRRem. On average, DMP+CRRet and CP+CRRet treatments increased soil respiration by 45.5% and 38.2%, respectively, as compared with MP+CRRem treatment. During the growth period of summer maize, DMP and CP increased soil respiration by 47.6% and 47.8%, respectively, relative to MP, and CRRet decreased soil respiration by 18.0% compared with CRRem. On average, DMP+CRRet and CP+CRRet treatments increased soil respiration by 19.7% and 22.2%, respectively, compared with MP+CRRem treatment. The soil respiration was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature and soil carbon, while negatively correlated with soil compaction. The correlation coefficient of soil respiration and soil temperature was highest among the correlation coefficients that affected soil respiration. Compared with the MP+CRRem treatment, the dry matter accumulation of the DMP+CRRet and CP+CRRem treatments increased by 34.9% and 38.2%, the root dry weight density increased by 45.0% and 39.4%, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that deep moldboard plough or chisel plough with crop residue retained was the most appropriate tillage practice in Huang-Huai-Hai area.