CAJ | 학술논문

通过对农牧一体化和传统种植方式下玉米( Zea mays)田间杂草群落结构、玉米性状特征进行调查,统计分析放牧前后各杂草群落中杂草种类、功能类群、生物多样性指数,并对比研究各处理下玉米的生长状况.结果表明：从田间杂草群落结构来看,放牧前农牧一体化处理田间杂草7种,对照12种,农牧一体化处理的杂草总密度是对照的2.20倍,处理间杂草总密度在统计学上差异显著( P ＜0.05),农牧一体化处理的杂草优势种单一且多度分配比例大；放牧后,农牧一体化处理和对照的物种数较放牧前分别减少了4和6种,农牧一体化处理的杂草总密度是对照的3.44倍,处理间杂草总密度在统计学上差异仍显著( P ＜0.05),对照的优势种单一且多度分配比例大.从杂草功能类群结构来看,放牧前各处理双子叶一年生或越年生被子植物杂草功能类群占据较大优势,且放牧后其多度分配比例均有所提高.从杂草群落生产力来看,放牧前后农牧一体化处理生物量分别是对照处理的5.42倍和4.79倍,处理间生物量在统计学上差异极显著( P＜0.01).从杂草群落多样性来看,放牧前农牧一体化处理的 Shannon‐Wiener 多样性指数、Margalef 物种丰富度指数和 Simpson 多样性指数分别是对照的1.15倍、1.25倍和1.08倍,但其 Pielou 均匀度指数较低；放牧后农牧一体化处理的 Shannon‐Wiener 多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和 Simpson 多样性指数是对照的1.29倍、1.64倍和1.10倍,其中 Shannon‐Wiener 多样性指数和 Margalef 物种丰富度指数处理间在统计学上差异显著( P＜0.05),对照 Pielou 均匀度指数是农牧一体化处理的1.10倍,处理间在统计学上差异显著( P＜0.05).放牧前,不同处理杂草群落的相似性系数为0.76,放牧后其相似度系数降低了0.23.从玉米植株性状来看,在农牧一体化处理下,吐丝期和成熟期的玉米株高、叶长、叶宽、穗位和茎粗均大于对照,玉米单株叶面积在放牧后有所降低,同时玉米植株的叶绿素在2个时期均低于对照.从玉米产量来看,农牧一体化处理较对照减产6.22％,但其减产所带来的损失可由鹅的产出得以补偿并获得更高的经济效益.总之,农牧一体化处理在维持了较高的田间杂草多样性的同时,对玉米产量影响较小. 通過對農牧一體化和傳統種植方式下玉米( Zea mays)田間雜草群落結構、玉米性狀特徵進行調查,統計分析放牧前後各雜草群落中雜草種類、功能類群、生物多樣性指數,併對比研究各處理下玉米的生長狀況.結果錶明：從田間雜草群落結構來看,放牧前農牧一體化處理田間雜草7種,對照12種,農牧一體化處理的雜草總密度是對照的2.20倍,處理間雜草總密度在統計學上差異顯著( P ＜0.05),農牧一體化處理的雜草優勢種單一且多度分配比例大；放牧後,農牧一體化處理和對照的物種數較放牧前分彆減少瞭4和6種,農牧一體化處理的雜草總密度是對照的3.44倍,處理間雜草總密度在統計學上差異仍顯著( P ＜0.05),對照的優勢種單一且多度分配比例大.從雜草功能類群結構來看,放牧前各處理雙子葉一年生或越年生被子植物雜草功能類群佔據較大優勢,且放牧後其多度分配比例均有所提高.從雜草群落生產力來看,放牧前後農牧一體化處理生物量分彆是對照處理的5.42倍和4.79倍,處理間生物量在統計學上差異極顯著( P＜0.01).從雜草群落多樣性來看,放牧前農牧一體化處理的 Shannon‐Wiener 多樣性指數、Margalef 物種豐富度指數和 Simpson 多樣性指數分彆是對照的1.15倍、1.25倍和1.08倍,但其 Pielou 均勻度指數較低；放牧後農牧一體化處理的 Shannon‐Wiener 多樣性指數、Margalef物種豐富度指數和 Simpson 多樣性指數是對照的1.29倍、1.64倍和1.10倍,其中 Shannon‐Wiener 多樣性指數和 Margalef 物種豐富度指數處理間在統計學上差異顯著( P＜0.05),對照 Pielou 均勻度指數是農牧一體化處理的1.10倍,處理間在統計學上差異顯著( P＜0.05).放牧前,不同處理雜草群落的相似性繫數為0.76,放牧後其相似度繫數降低瞭0.23.從玉米植株性狀來看,在農牧一體化處理下,吐絲期和成熟期的玉米株高、葉長、葉寬、穗位和莖粗均大于對照,玉米單株葉麵積在放牧後有所降低,同時玉米植株的葉綠素在2箇時期均低于對照.從玉米產量來看,農牧一體化處理較對照減產6.22％,但其減產所帶來的損失可由鵝的產齣得以補償併穫得更高的經濟效益.總之,農牧一體化處理在維持瞭較高的田間雜草多樣性的同時,對玉米產量影響較小.
통과대농목일체화화전통충식방식하옥미( Zea mays)전간잡초군락결구、옥미성상특정진행조사,통계분석방목전후각잡초군락중잡초충류、공능류군、생물다양성지수,병대비연구각처리하옥미적생장상황.결과표명：종전간잡초군락결구래간,방목전농목일체화처리전간잡초7충,대조12충,농목일체화처리적잡초총밀도시대조적2.20배,처리간잡초총밀도재통계학상차이현저( P ＜0.05),농목일체화처리적잡초우세충단일차다도분배비례대；방목후,농목일체화처리화대조적물충수교방목전분별감소료4화6충,농목일체화처리적잡초총밀도시대조적3.44배,처리간잡초총밀도재통계학상차이잉현저( P ＜0.05),대조적우세충단일차다도분배비례대.종잡초공능류군결구래간,방목전각처리쌍자협일년생혹월년생피자식물잡초공능류군점거교대우세,차방목후기다도분배비례균유소제고.종잡초군락생산력래간,방목전후농목일체화처리생물량분별시대조처리적5.42배화4.79배,처리간생물량재통계학상차이겁현저( P＜0.01).종잡초군락다양성래간,방목전농목일체화처리적 Shannon‐Wiener 다양성지수、Margalef 물충봉부도지수화 Simpson 다양성지수분별시대조적1.15배、1.25배화1.08배,단기 Pielou 균균도지수교저；방목후농목일체화처리적 Shannon‐Wiener 다양성지수、Margalef물충봉부도지수화 Simpson 다양성지수시대조적1.29배、1.64배화1.10배,기중 Shannon‐Wiener 다양성지수화 Margalef 물충봉부도지수처리간재통계학상차이현저( P＜0.05),대조 Pielou 균균도지수시농목일체화처리적1.10배,처리간재통계학상차이현저( P＜0.05).방목전,불동처리잡초군락적상사성계수위0.76,방목후기상사도계수강저료0.23.종옥미식주성상래간,재농목일체화처리하,토사기화성숙기적옥미주고、협장、협관、수위화경조균대우대조,옥미단주협면적재방목후유소강저,동시옥미식주적협록소재2개시기균저우대조.종옥미산량래간,농목일체화처리교대조감산6.22％,단기감산소대래적손실가유아적산출득이보상병획득경고적경제효익.총지,농목일체화처리재유지료교고적전간잡초다양성적동시,대옥미산량영향교소.
Summary Weeds have direct impact on crop quality and yield in agricultural systems . Reasonable weed management should protect or improve the biodiversity of farmland weed communities for a better ecological environment with not only increasing crop yield , but also reducing use of herbicides . Based on the study of weeds community structure and the agronomic characters of maize in the two production patterns , i .e . , agro‐pastoral integration" ( hereinafter referred to as API ) and conventional maize planting ( hereinafter referred to as CK) , this paper analyzed the differences of weed species , their functional groups and biodiversity indices before and after grazing . Comparison of maize growth in the two treatments was also drawn in this paper . It was shown that before grazing there were 17 different kinds of weeds in API and 12 in CK , and the total weed density in API was 2 .20 times as much as that in CK , showing a significant difference ( P< 0 .05) . It was also noted that in API , the abundance distribution of the dominant weed was considerably large . However , after grazing the weed in API and CK reduced by 4 and 6 species and the total weed density of API was 3 .44 times as much as that of CK , showing a significant difference ( P < 0 .05 ) between the two treatments . From the perspective of functional group , both of the treatments were dominated by dicotyledonous angiosperm and annual and biennial ( DA ) and its abundance further increased after grazing . With regard to productivity of weed community , the biomass in API was 5 .42 times as much as that in CK before grazing and 4 .79 times after grazing , showing a highly significant difference ( P < 0 .01) . In terms of diversity , before grazing the Shannon‐Wiener , Margalef and Simpson diversity indices in API were respectively 1 .15 , 1 .25 and 1 .08 times as much as those in CK , but the Pielou evenness index was low . After grazing , however , those indexes in API were 1 .29 , 1 .64 and 1 .10 times as much as those in CK . Among them , the Shannon‐Wiener and Margalef diversity indices between the two treatments were quite different ( P< 0 .05) ; and the Pielou evenness index in CK was 1 .10 times as much as that of API , showing a significant difference ( P< 0 .05) . The similarity index of weed community was 0 .76 before grazing , and it decreased to 0 .23 after grazing . As for the agronomic characteristics of maize , at its silking and maturity stages , the values of plant height , leaf length and width , ear height and stem diameter of maize in API were all higher , but its chlorophyll content in the leaf was low compared with CK . It was also noted that the leaf area in API decreased after grazing . With respect to its yield , though API resulted in a yield reduction of 6 .22% , the loss , however , could be compensated or even overcompensated by the producing of geese . In conclusion , API is able to maintain higher weed diversity in the field and at the same time , has slightly impact on the yield of maize .