作物学报
作物學報
작물학보
ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA
2014年
12期
2136-2148
,共13页
王新兵%侯海鹏%周宝元%孙雪芳%马玮%赵明
王新兵%侯海鵬%週寶元%孫雪芳%馬瑋%趙明
왕신병%후해붕%주보원%손설방%마위%조명
夏玉米%种植密度%条带深松%群体根系%空间分布%根系容纳量
夏玉米%種植密度%條帶深鬆%群體根繫%空間分佈%根繫容納量
하옥미%충식밀도%조대심송%군체근계%공간분포%근계용납량
Summer maize%Planting density%Strip subsoiling%Population root%Spatial distribution%Root accommodation
为探究条带深松耕作(SS)对密植玉米群体根系空间分布与容纳量的调节效应,本试验设置3个种植密度(低密：4.50万株 hm–2、中密：6.75万株 hm–2、高密：9.00万株 hm–2),以土壤免耕(NT)为对照,利用小立方原位根土取样器,通过“3D monolith”根系空间取样方法,比较研究玉米个体与群体根系的空间分布对种植密度与土壤耕作方式的响应。结果表明,单株根长受种植密度影响显著,在0~50 cm 土层中(每10 cm 为一土层),高密种植的单株根长较低密种植减少110.31、43.18、15.73、10.49和17.45 m；在高密种植条件下,与土壤免耕比,条带深松耕作增加20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm 土层中的单株根长13.32%、19.80%、47.20%；单株根干重与单株根长的变化一致。种植密度对群体总根长的影响不显著,却显著影响群体根系的空间分布。与低密种植比,高密种植的植株中心根长密度在0~10 cm、10~20 cm 土层中分别降低3.82 cm cm–3、0.62 cm cm–3,但植株之间的根长密度在0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 土层中分别增加1.13、0.18、0.06和0.05 cm cm–3；在高密种植条件下对土壤进行条带深松耕作,与土壤免耕比,植株中心的根长密度在0~10 cm 土层中降低16.10%,在10~20 cm、20~30 cm 土层中却分别增加47.45%和13.37%,植株之间的根长密度在20~30、30~40和40~50 cm 土层中分别增加50.26%、30.72%和106.15%；条带深松耕作显著提高密植玉米群体下层根系的容纳量。高密条件下条带深松耕作增加了群体根干重、深层根系量、植株间根系分布及根表面积,进而增加了地上部群体叶面积指数及地上部干重,最终促进产量显著提高。说明密植群体通过条带深松耕作改善了群体的根系空间分布,减弱了上层根系的拥挤,通过增加深层土壤根系量及植株之间根系量增加了群体根系容纳量,发挥了密植群体根系功能,实现了密植群体的高产。
為探究條帶深鬆耕作(SS)對密植玉米群體根繫空間分佈與容納量的調節效應,本試驗設置3箇種植密度(低密：4.50萬株 hm–2、中密：6.75萬株 hm–2、高密：9.00萬株 hm–2),以土壤免耕(NT)為對照,利用小立方原位根土取樣器,通過“3D monolith”根繫空間取樣方法,比較研究玉米箇體與群體根繫的空間分佈對種植密度與土壤耕作方式的響應。結果錶明,單株根長受種植密度影響顯著,在0~50 cm 土層中(每10 cm 為一土層),高密種植的單株根長較低密種植減少110.31、43.18、15.73、10.49和17.45 m；在高密種植條件下,與土壤免耕比,條帶深鬆耕作增加20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm 土層中的單株根長13.32%、19.80%、47.20%；單株根榦重與單株根長的變化一緻。種植密度對群體總根長的影響不顯著,卻顯著影響群體根繫的空間分佈。與低密種植比,高密種植的植株中心根長密度在0~10 cm、10~20 cm 土層中分彆降低3.82 cm cm–3、0.62 cm cm–3,但植株之間的根長密度在0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 土層中分彆增加1.13、0.18、0.06和0.05 cm cm–3；在高密種植條件下對土壤進行條帶深鬆耕作,與土壤免耕比,植株中心的根長密度在0~10 cm 土層中降低16.10%,在10~20 cm、20~30 cm 土層中卻分彆增加47.45%和13.37%,植株之間的根長密度在20~30、30~40和40~50 cm 土層中分彆增加50.26%、30.72%和106.15%；條帶深鬆耕作顯著提高密植玉米群體下層根繫的容納量。高密條件下條帶深鬆耕作增加瞭群體根榦重、深層根繫量、植株間根繫分佈及根錶麵積,進而增加瞭地上部群體葉麵積指數及地上部榦重,最終促進產量顯著提高。說明密植群體通過條帶深鬆耕作改善瞭群體的根繫空間分佈,減弱瞭上層根繫的擁擠,通過增加深層土壤根繫量及植株之間根繫量增加瞭群體根繫容納量,髮揮瞭密植群體根繫功能,實現瞭密植群體的高產。
위탐구조대심송경작(SS)대밀식옥미군체근계공간분포여용납량적조절효응,본시험설치3개충식밀도(저밀：4.50만주 hm–2、중밀：6.75만주 hm–2、고밀：9.00만주 hm–2),이토양면경(NT)위대조,이용소립방원위근토취양기,통과“3D monolith”근계공간취양방법,비교연구옥미개체여군체근계적공간분포대충식밀도여토양경작방식적향응。결과표명,단주근장수충식밀도영향현저,재0~50 cm 토층중(매10 cm 위일토층),고밀충식적단주근장교저밀충식감소110.31、43.18、15.73、10.49화17.45 m；재고밀충식조건하,여토양면경비,조대심송경작증가20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm 토층중적단주근장13.32%、19.80%、47.20%；단주근간중여단주근장적변화일치。충식밀도대군체총근장적영향불현저,각현저영향군체근계적공간분포。여저밀충식비,고밀충식적식주중심근장밀도재0~10 cm、10~20 cm 토층중분별강저3.82 cm cm–3、0.62 cm cm–3,단식주지간적근장밀도재0~10、10~20、20~30화30~40 cm 토층중분별증가1.13、0.18、0.06화0.05 cm cm–3；재고밀충식조건하대토양진행조대심송경작,여토양면경비,식주중심적근장밀도재0~10 cm 토층중강저16.10%,재10~20 cm、20~30 cm 토층중각분별증가47.45%화13.37%,식주지간적근장밀도재20~30、30~40화40~50 cm 토층중분별증가50.26%、30.72%화106.15%；조대심송경작현저제고밀식옥미군체하층근계적용납량。고밀조건하조대심송경작증가료군체근간중、심층근계량、식주간근계분포급근표면적,진이증가료지상부군체협면적지수급지상부간중,최종촉진산량현저제고。설명밀식군체통과조대심송경작개선료군체적근계공간분포,감약료상층근계적옹제,통과증가심층토양근계량급식주지간근계량증가료군체근계용납량,발휘료밀식군체근계공능,실현료밀식군체적고산。
For exploring the regulation effect of strip subsoiling (SS) on spatial distribution and amount of maize population root system, a field experiment was conducted with three planting densities (LD: 45 000 plants ha–1; MD: 67 500 plants ha–1; HD: 90 000 plants ha–1) and two soil tillage practices (SS: strip subsoiling tillage, NT: no tillage). The spatial distribution of maize indi-vidual and population roots and its response to planting density and soil tillage were studied using small cubic root soil sampler through the “3D monolith” root space sampling method. The result indicated that individual root length was significantly affected by planting density. In 0–50 cm soil layers (each layer was 10 cm), individual roots length was decreased by 110.31, 43.18, 15.73, 10.49, and 17.45 m under high planting density compared to that under low planting density. Under the condition of high planting density, strip subsoiling increased individual roots length by 13.32%, 19.80%, 47.20% in 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm soil layers, respectivelty, compared to no tillage. The effects of planting density were not significant on population total root length, while significant on spatial distribution of population root system. The root length density around single plant centre was decreased by 3.82 cm cm–3, 0.62 cm cm–3 in 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm soil layers, while root length density between two plants was increased by 1.13, 0.18, 0.06, and 0.05 cm cm–3 in 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm soil layers under high planting density compared to that under low planting density. Under the condition of high planting density, compared to no tillage, strip subsoiling decreased root length density around single plant centre by 16.10% in 0–10 cm soil layer, while increased it by 47.45%, 13.37% in 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm soil layers. Meanwhile, strip subsoiling increased root length density between two plants by 50.26%, 30.72%, 106.15% in 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm soil layers, respectively. The significant change of spatial distribution of population root system increased the index of root surface area and root dry matter in high planting density and strip subsoiling tillage treatment. The increments in leaf area and shoot dry matter resulted in an increment of maize final yield. The results of this study suggest that the distribution of root between two plants is improved with the increment of planting density. The treatment of high planting density and strip subsoiling regulates the spatial distribution of population root system by increasing the root quantity in deep soil layer and be-tween two plants, and weakening the crowding of roots in upper soil layer, which promotes the increment of maize yield.
