中华劳动卫生职业病杂志
中華勞動衛生職業病雜誌
중화노동위생직업병잡지
CHINESE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
2014年
1期
1-26
,共26页
GBZ 2.1%ACGIH%TWA%STEL%MAC%Ceiling%化学有害因素%职业接触限值%比较研究
GBZ 2.1%ACGIH%TWA%STEL%MAC%Ceiling%化學有害因素%職業接觸限值%比較研究
GBZ 2.1%ACGIH%TWA%STEL%MAC%Ceiling%화학유해인소%직업접촉한치%비교연구
GBZ 2.1%ACGIH%TWA%STEL%MAC%Ceiling%Chemical substances%Occupational Exposure Limits%Comparative study
目的 将我国职业卫生标准GBZ 2.1中规定的与ACGIH于2013年发布的化学有害因素职业接触限值(OELs)数量、水平、制定和管理过程等方面进行系统比较,并提出我国职业卫生标准制修订过程中优先考虑的化学物质OELs及有关建议,为制定职业卫生标准规划计划提供基础数据和参考.方法 将GBZ 2.1中规定的OELs与美国ACGIH 2013年采纳的化学有害因素OELs按照不同类型的限值建立比较分析数据库,并进行限值的数量、具体职业性有害因素的具体值及其关键效应、法律地位、制定原则、制定依据、制定条件、制定程序、关键效应、化学有害因素的致癌性标识的应用、化学有害因素的致敏性标识的应用、化学有害因素的经皮标识的应用、非常规工作制下对OELs的调整、联合作用的概念及其应用、超限倍数的概念和应用及对颗粒物的标识等方面的比较分析.结果 (1)GBZ 2.1中共规定了339种化学有害因素的OELs,美国ACGIH 2013年已采纳TLVs的化学有害因素有656种.GBZ2.1有OELs而ACGIH未规定OELs的化学有害因素只有52个;ACGIH有OELs,GBZ 2.1中无OELs的化学有害因素共有371个.在GBZ 2.1和ACGIH中均规定了OELs的化学有害因素共260种,涉及302个OELs,其中GBZ 2.1有47个比ACGIH宽,96个比ACGIH严,81个与ACGIH相近,77个与ACGIH相等.(2)化学有害因素的致癌性、致敏性和经皮标识的应用方面我国尚未制定评估的指南性文件;(3)在非常规工作制调整指南方面我国即将出台更详细的标准;(4)我国与ACGIH在限值制定和管理程序的多个方面仍存在较大差距.我国OELs制定的管理和审批程序较为繁琐,但与ACGIH相比,科学性和可行性不足.结论 (1)我国应尽快制定化学有害因素的致癌性、致敏性和经皮标识评估的指南性文件.(2)应尽快确定我国OELs研究的工作重点,缩小我国OELs与发达国家的差距,满足社会经济发展的需求.优先调整过宽和过严的OELs;对ACGIH已有OELs但GBZ 2.1中尚未制定OELs的371种化学有害因素,应根据我国职业卫生实践确定需要优先制定职业接触限值的重点有害因素.(3)应采用系统性综述的方法,为修订OELs提供最新的科学证据.(4)尽快解决我国对超限倍数的理解和应用问题,非常规工作制下调整OELs,阐述和应用联合作用,标识化学有害因素OELs所适用的化学有害因素的物理状态等几个重要的关键技术问题.
目的 將我國職業衛生標準GBZ 2.1中規定的與ACGIH于2013年髮佈的化學有害因素職業接觸限值(OELs)數量、水平、製定和管理過程等方麵進行繫統比較,併提齣我國職業衛生標準製脩訂過程中優先攷慮的化學物質OELs及有關建議,為製定職業衛生標準規劃計劃提供基礎數據和參攷.方法 將GBZ 2.1中規定的OELs與美國ACGIH 2013年採納的化學有害因素OELs按照不同類型的限值建立比較分析數據庫,併進行限值的數量、具體職業性有害因素的具體值及其關鍵效應、法律地位、製定原則、製定依據、製定條件、製定程序、關鍵效應、化學有害因素的緻癌性標識的應用、化學有害因素的緻敏性標識的應用、化學有害因素的經皮標識的應用、非常規工作製下對OELs的調整、聯閤作用的概唸及其應用、超限倍數的概唸和應用及對顆粒物的標識等方麵的比較分析.結果 (1)GBZ 2.1中共規定瞭339種化學有害因素的OELs,美國ACGIH 2013年已採納TLVs的化學有害因素有656種.GBZ2.1有OELs而ACGIH未規定OELs的化學有害因素隻有52箇;ACGIH有OELs,GBZ 2.1中無OELs的化學有害因素共有371箇.在GBZ 2.1和ACGIH中均規定瞭OELs的化學有害因素共260種,涉及302箇OELs,其中GBZ 2.1有47箇比ACGIH寬,96箇比ACGIH嚴,81箇與ACGIH相近,77箇與ACGIH相等.(2)化學有害因素的緻癌性、緻敏性和經皮標識的應用方麵我國尚未製定評估的指南性文件;(3)在非常規工作製調整指南方麵我國即將齣檯更詳細的標準;(4)我國與ACGIH在限值製定和管理程序的多箇方麵仍存在較大差距.我國OELs製定的管理和審批程序較為繁瑣,但與ACGIH相比,科學性和可行性不足.結論 (1)我國應儘快製定化學有害因素的緻癌性、緻敏性和經皮標識評估的指南性文件.(2)應儘快確定我國OELs研究的工作重點,縮小我國OELs與髮達國傢的差距,滿足社會經濟髮展的需求.優先調整過寬和過嚴的OELs;對ACGIH已有OELs但GBZ 2.1中尚未製定OELs的371種化學有害因素,應根據我國職業衛生實踐確定需要優先製定職業接觸限值的重點有害因素.(3)應採用繫統性綜述的方法,為脩訂OELs提供最新的科學證據.(4)儘快解決我國對超限倍數的理解和應用問題,非常規工作製下調整OELs,闡述和應用聯閤作用,標識化學有害因素OELs所適用的化學有害因素的物理狀態等幾箇重要的關鍵技術問題.
목적 장아국직업위생표준GBZ 2.1중규정적여ACGIH우2013년발포적화학유해인소직업접촉한치(OELs)수량、수평、제정화관리과정등방면진행계통비교,병제출아국직업위생표준제수정과정중우선고필적화학물질OELs급유관건의,위제정직업위생표준규화계화제공기출수거화삼고.방법 장GBZ 2.1중규정적OELs여미국ACGIH 2013년채납적화학유해인소OELs안조불동류형적한치건립비교분석수거고,병진행한치적수량、구체직업성유해인소적구체치급기관건효응、법률지위、제정원칙、제정의거、제정조건、제정정서、관건효응、화학유해인소적치암성표식적응용、화학유해인소적치민성표식적응용、화학유해인소적경피표식적응용、비상규공작제하대OELs적조정、연합작용적개념급기응용、초한배수적개념화응용급대과립물적표식등방면적비교분석.결과 (1)GBZ 2.1중공규정료339충화학유해인소적OELs,미국ACGIH 2013년이채납TLVs적화학유해인소유656충.GBZ2.1유OELs이ACGIH미규정OELs적화학유해인소지유52개;ACGIH유OELs,GBZ 2.1중무OELs적화학유해인소공유371개.재GBZ 2.1화ACGIH중균규정료OELs적화학유해인소공260충,섭급302개OELs,기중GBZ 2.1유47개비ACGIH관,96개비ACGIH엄,81개여ACGIH상근,77개여ACGIH상등.(2)화학유해인소적치암성、치민성화경피표식적응용방면아국상미제정평고적지남성문건;(3)재비상규공작제조정지남방면아국즉장출태경상세적표준;(4)아국여ACGIH재한치제정화관리정서적다개방면잉존재교대차거.아국OELs제정적관리화심비정서교위번쇄,단여ACGIH상비,과학성화가행성불족.결론 (1)아국응진쾌제정화학유해인소적치암성、치민성화경피표식평고적지남성문건.(2)응진쾌학정아국OELs연구적공작중점,축소아국OELs여발체국가적차거,만족사회경제발전적수구.우선조정과관화과엄적OELs;대ACGIH이유OELs단GBZ 2.1중상미제정OELs적371충화학유해인소,응근거아국직업위생실천학정수요우선제정직업접촉한치적중점유해인소.(3)응채용계통성종술적방법,위수정OELs제공최신적과학증거.(4)진쾌해결아국대초한배수적리해화응용문제,비상규공작제하조정OELs,천술화응용연합작용,표식화학유해인소OELs소괄용적화학유해인소적물리상태등궤개중요적관건기술문제.
Objective To systematically compare occupational exposure limits(OELs) in GBZ 2.1 with the ones in TLV-CS of ACGIH on quantity,level,procedures of management etc.; to propose priority chemicals for establishing OELs and suggestions on the revisions of occupational health standards; to provide basic scientific evidence for the planning and development of occupational health standards.Method Compilation of a database on OELs in GBZ 2.1 and in TLV-CS of ACGIH according to types of exposure limits,and comparison of the data in the two systems on the values of exposure limits,quantitative descriptions of specific occupational hazards,legal status,TLV-CS setting up principles、basis、condition and procedures,key adverse effect,application of carcinogenicity/sensitization/skin notations,adjustment of OELs for unusual work schedules,the concept and application of combined effects,the concept and application of Excursion Limits,the identity of particles,and analysis of the comparison result.Results (1)There are 339 chemical substances included in GBZ 2.1 and 656 in TLV-CS in ACGIH.(2)The number of the chemical substances in GBZ 2.1 with specified OELs but not included in TLV-CS of ACGIH is 52; the chemical substances with OELs in TLVCS of ACGIH but not in GBZ 2.1 are 371.(3)There are 260 chemical substances which have OELs in both GBZ 2.1 and ACGIH and with a total of 302 OELs,among them,47 OELs are higher and 96 are lower in the GBZ 2.1 than the ones in TLV-CS of ACGIH,81 of them are similar,and 77 are the same in the two.(4) Guidelines on notations of carcinogenicity,sensitization and skin in China need to be developed.(5)Guidelines for adjustment of OELs for unusual work schedules need to be adopted in China.(6)There is still a wide gap between OELs in GBZ 2.1 and in TLV-CS of ACGIH in many aspects.The management and approval procedures of China in setting up OELs are more bureaucratic,and the biological plausibility and feasibility aspects should be strengthed.Conclusions (1)Evaluation guidelines on risk assessment on notations of carcinogenicity,sensitization and skin need to be formulated in China.(2)A priority list in setting up OELs in China needs to be determined.Priority needs to be given to review and revision of the OELs which are significantly different from the ones in TLV-CS of ACGIH but without support of adequate scientific evidence.Prioriy should also be given to chemical substances which have no OELs in GBZ 2.1 but have specific OELs in TLV-CS of ACGIH.(3)Periodic and systematic review and revision of the existing OELs should be conduced based on the state-of-the-art scientific data,peer-critical-review and public opinion.(4)Important technical issues in GBZ 2.1 need to be elaborated and examined,including the concept of excursion limits,adjustment of OELs for unusual work schedules,the concept and application of synergetic effect,description of the forms and physical charactoristics of chemical substances.
