CAJ | 학술논문

微囊藻毒素(microcystin, MC)是世界各地自然水体中存在最普遍,对人体健康危害最大的一类藻毒素.文章从微囊藻毒素的毒害机理以及其对人体的健康风险评估两个方面进行综述,拟为进一步研究蓝藻水华的生态毒理和评估其健康风险提供信息.国内外研究表明,微囊藻毒素对生物细胞毒害主要有4种方式:直接破坏细胞结构,引发细胞溶解;诱导细胞凋亡;诱导细胞癌变;诱导基因突变和DNA损伤.目前该领域的研究的热点已从微囊藻毒素破坏细胞结构的研究转向其损伤细胞的分子机制研究,并在微囊藻毒素致毒的分子机理方面取得了一定进展.这些研究成果为藻毒素的人体健康风险评价提供了依据和标准.但无论是微囊藻毒素的毒理研究还是健康风险评估工作,都存在许多未解决的问题.本综述对目前微囊藻毒素毒理研究中急需解决的问题提出自己的看法,如需要进一步研究微囊藻毒素致毒的分子机制、毒代动力学以及其诱导细胞凋亡与癌变之间的关系.同时对藻毒素的人体健康风险评估研究方面,又进一步提出了更多想法:(1)动物实验的暴露情景与人实际的暴露途径有很大差异,需要建立更合乎实际的暴露方式;(2)纯毒素的致毒效率明显低于含同浓度毒素的自然水,但目前的评估研究都是基于纯毒素的实验数据,需要进行基于自然水暴露情景下的风险评估工作;(3)目前还缺乏对多种类型藻毒素联合致毒效应的评估工作;(4)亟需建立快速评估藻毒素健康风险的手段.
미낭조독소(microcystin, MC)시세계각지자연수체중존재최보편,대인체건강위해최대적일류조독소.문장종미낭조독소적독해궤리이급기대인체적건강풍험평고량개방면진행종술,의위진일보연구람조수화적생태독리화평고기건강풍험제공신식.국내외연구표명,미낭조독소대생물세포독해주요유4충방식:직접파배세포결구,인발세포용해;유도세포조망;유도세포암변;유도기인돌변화DNA손상.목전해영역적연구적열점이종미낭조독소파배세포결구적연구전향기손상세포적분자궤제연구,병재미낭조독소치독적분자궤리방면취득료일정진전.저사연구성과위조독소적인체건강풍험평개제공료의거화표준.단무론시미낭조독소적독리연구환시건강풍험평고공작,도존재허다미해결적문제.본종술대목전미낭조독소독리연구중급수해결적문제제출자기적간법,여수요진일보연구미낭조독소치독적분자궤제、독대동역학이급기유도세포조망여암변지간적관계.동시대조독소적인체건강풍험평고연구방면,우진일보제출료경다상법:(1)동물실험적폭로정경여인실제적폭로도경유흔대차이,수요건립경합호실제적폭로방식;(2)순독소적치독효솔명현저우함동농도독소적자연수,단목전적평고연구도시기우순독소적실험수거,수요진행기우자연수폭로정경하적풍험평고공작;(3)목전환결핍대다충류형조독소연합치독효응적평고공작;(4)극수건립쾌속평고조독소건강풍험적수단.
Microcystin, as a major cyanotoxin in the waterbody around the world, has great harm to human health. This paper summarizes the research progresses on the mechanisms of microcystin’s toxicity and the evaluation of human health risks of microcystin. There are four pathways of microcystin’s toxic mechanisms including making cell necrosis by causing the damage of cell structure ,inducing cell apoptosis,inducing cell mutagenesis,inducing gene mutation and DNA lesion. The present research hotspot has already turn from damaging cell structure to the molecular mechanisms of Microcystin inducing cell toxicity, and researchers has acquired some achievement in the molecular mechanism involved in microcystin toxicity. These findings provide a basis and standard for human health risk assessment. However, the study ofmicrocystin’s toxicology and assessment have a lot of open issues. The defects of the researches in molecular mechanism mediated by microcystin, toxicokinetics of microcystin and the relationship between cell mutagenesis and apoptosis induced by microcystin have been discussed in the article. And the article also presents some opinions on human health risk assessment of microcystin:(1) There is a big difference between the exposure route of animal experiment and actual situation, so we need to build new exposure mode. (2) The poison efficiency of pure microcystin is obviously lower than that of natural water containing with the same concentration of toxin, but the present risk assessment research nearly all relies on the experimental data of based on pure toxin, so we need to correct it. (3) The research of combined toxicity of different types of microcystin are absent. (4) There is a urgent demand of building the method of rapid risk assessment of microcystin.