CAJ | 학술논문

为了减少稻田氮磷损失量,并有效利用畜禽固废物,该研究在广东省东江上游典型农业集水区,开展田间不同施肥方式(不施肥、常规施肥、配方施肥1~3)氮磷损失监测及不施肥处理的室内土柱模拟试验.不施肥、常规施肥、配方施肥1~3的肥料施用量分别为:碳铵0、750.0、510.0、472.5、510.0 kg/hm2;磷肥0、375.0、255.0、255.0、236.25 kg/hm2;尿素0、225.0、172.5、156.0、172.5 kg/hm2;有机肥:0、0、1162.5、1162.5、1162.5 kg/hm2.通过室内土柱试验,获取不施肥小区氮磷地表径流及淋溶流失量,并结合不施肥小区的田间监测数据(土样、水样、植株样等),测算出水稻生长季固氮量为31.54 kg/hm2.采用元素守恒的方法,综合考虑氮磷淋溶、流失、氨氮挥发、氮素干湿沉降以及水稻固氮等多方面的影响,构建稻田系统氮、磷损失模型,分别计算出5种不同施肥方式的氮磷损失量.研究表明,配方施肥1、2、3较常规施肥,氮、磷损失量减幅分别为7.7%~30.0%、61.2%~70.8%;氮、磷农学利用率增幅分别为24.6%~84.4%、12.8%~78.9%;实现节支增收分别为2716元/hm2、-2169元/hm2、-1646元/hm2.配方施肥方案可有效减少农田氮磷损失量,其中配方施肥1经济效益、环境效益俱佳,可作为常规施肥的替代方案.该研究综合考虑了整个稻田系统中氮、磷的输入与输出,定量评估不同施肥方式的氮磷损失量、农学利用率及其经济环境效益,可为稻田氮磷损失综合防控提供参考.
위료감소도전담린손실량,병유효이용축금고폐물,해연구재광동성동강상유전형농업집수구,개전전간불동시비방식(불시비、상규시비、배방시비1~3)담린손실감측급불시비처리적실내토주모의시험.불시비、상규시비、배방시비1~3적비료시용량분별위:탄안0、750.0、510.0、472.5、510.0 kg/hm2;린비0、375.0、255.0、255.0、236.25 kg/hm2;뇨소0、225.0、172.5、156.0、172.5 kg/hm2;유궤비:0、0、1162.5、1162.5、1162.5 kg/hm2.통과실내토주시험,획취불시비소구담린지표경류급림용류실량,병결합불시비소구적전간감측수거(토양、수양、식주양등),측산출수도생장계고담량위31.54 kg/hm2.채용원소수항적방법,종합고필담린림용、류실、안담휘발、담소간습침강이급수도고담등다방면적영향,구건도전계통담、린손실모형,분별계산출5충불동시비방식적담린손실량.연구표명,배방시비1、2、3교상규시비,담、린손실량감폭분별위7.7%~30.0%、61.2%~70.8%;담、린농학이용솔증폭분별위24.6%~84.4%、12.8%~78.9%;실현절지증수분별위2716원/hm2、-2169원/hm2、-1646원/hm2.배방시비방안가유효감소농전담린손실량,기중배방시비1경제효익、배경효익구가,가작위상규시비적체대방안.해연구종합고필료정개도전계통중담、린적수입여수출,정량평고불동시비방식적담린손실량、농학이용솔급기경제배경효익,가위도전담린손실종합방공제공삼고.
In order to reduce the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from paddy fields and to effectively dispose livestock manure, laboratory and field experiments were conducted in the upper Dongjiang river basin, Guangdong Province, China. The field experiments involved five fertilization rations including no fertilizer, conventional urea fertilizer, and three recipe fertilizers. The fertilizers used in these experiments are Ammonium Bicarbonate, Phosphate fertilizer and Organic manure. In respect of Ammonium Bicarbonate, the application rates for these five treatments were 0, 750.0, 510.0, 472.5 and 510.0 kg/hm2;Phosphate fertilizer were 0, 375.0, 255.0, 255.0 and 236.25 kg/hm2; Urea were 0, 225.0, 172.5.0, 156.0 and 172.5 kg/hm2, and 0, 0, 1162.5, 1162.5 and1162.5 kg/hm2 of organic manure were applied for organic manure. Using simulated soil columns indoors, the losses of runoff, nitrogen and phosphorus were obtained for the paddy fields under the condition of no fertilizer. Combined with the laboratory experiment and investigated data from soil samples, water samples, plants, and fertilizer applications in the field, according to the element conservation theory, nitrogen and phosphorus loss models were constructed considering the eluviations, losses and volatilizations of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as their wet and dry sedimentations from the atmosphere. The nitrogen fixation amount in the paddy field was calculated as around 31.54 kg/hm2 during the growth period. The losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were estimated for each of the five treatments, and valuable results were obtained. Compared to the traditional fertilizer application, the three fertilizer rations can decreases in 7.7%-30.0%, 61.2%-70.8%for nitrogen and phosphorus losses, and increases in 24.6%-84.4%, 12.8%-78.9% for their utilization efficiencies. The three fertilizer applications can increase in around 2716 yuan/hm2, -2169 yuan/hm2, and -1646 yuan/hm2, respectively. Among the three fertilizer rations, the first ration one can achieve the high benefit both economically and environmentally, and thus can be considered as a substitute as the conventional urea fertilizer. The study analyzed the input and output of nitrogen, phosphorus in the rice paddy system. Considering the inputs and outputs of nitrogen and phosphorous in the paddy field system, different fertilization rations were evaluated and each fertilization ration were obtained in view of their agronomic efficiency and their ecological and environmental effects. This study would provide rational references using fertilizers in paddy field and control their nitrogen and phosphorus losses in South China.