中华危重病急救医学
中華危重病急救醫學
중화위중병급구의학
Chinese Critical Care Medicine
2014年
12期
879-883
,共5页
廖鑫燕%冉宇%边士昌%王超%徐磊
廖鑫燕%冉宇%邊士昌%王超%徐磊
료흠연%염우%변사창%왕초%서뢰
呼吸机相关性肺炎%痰涂片%革兰染色
呼吸機相關性肺炎%痰塗片%革蘭染色
호흡궤상관성폐염%담도편%혁란염색
Ventilator-associated pneumonia%Sputum smear%Gram staining
目的:探讨床旁优化痰涂片检查对呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)早期临床诊治的应用价值。方法回顾性分析天津市第四中心医院重症医学科2009年6月至2014年6月收治的机械通气超过48 h且临床诊断为VAP患者的临床资料。根据有无设立床旁快速痰涂片检查实验室将研究对象分为两组。所有VAP患者每日采用气管导管内吸引术(ETA)收集下呼吸道痰标本,抗菌药物经验治疗组(2009年6月至2011年12月,43例)根据VAP发生时间、本院重症监护病房(ICU)细菌流行病学监测资料以及是否存在多重耐药病原菌感染高危因素选择抗菌药物;抗菌药物目标治疗组(2012年1月至2014年6月,43例)在经验治疗组的基础上结合床旁快速痰涂片革兰染色镜检结果选择初始抗菌药物。分析入选患者痰涂片与痰培养结果的相关性,监测应用抗菌药物当日(1 d)及治疗3 d时患者的体温、外周血白细胞计数(WBC)、降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)等指标;记录两组抗菌药物使用时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间。结果痰培养合格痰标本512份、检出病原菌336株,痰涂片镜检合格痰标本512份、检出病原菌358株,痰涂片革兰镜检结果与痰培养结果的符合率为78.32%(401/512),诊断敏感度为85.42%(287/336),特异度为64.77%(114/176),阳性预测值为80.17%(287/358),阴性预测值为74.03%(114/154)。初始应用抗菌药物时两组患者各项感染指标差异均无统计学意义,治疗3 d时各指标均明显改善,且目标治疗组患者体温、WBC、PCT、hs-CRP明显低于经验治疗组〔体温(℃):36.83±0.69比37.64±0.71,WBC(×109/L):7.91±2.75比9.66±3.39,PCT(μg/L):7.14±3.89比10.14±4.32,hs-CRP(mg/L):12.24±6.28比15.54±5.94,P<0.05或P<0.01〕。与经验治疗组比较,目标治疗组患者抗菌药物使用时间(d:6.00±2.55比9.20±3.46)、机械通气时间(d:5.00±1.73比7.00±1.94)、ICU住院时间(d:7.43±1.72比12.57±4.16)均明显缩短(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论优化的痰涂片检查结果与痰培养结果具有很好的相关性,有助于早期诊断VAP及指导早期抗菌药物的选择,能缩短抗菌药物使用时间、机械通气时间及ICU住院时间,改善患者预后。
目的:探討床徬優化痰塗片檢查對呼吸機相關性肺炎(VAP)早期臨床診治的應用價值。方法迴顧性分析天津市第四中心醫院重癥醫學科2009年6月至2014年6月收治的機械通氣超過48 h且臨床診斷為VAP患者的臨床資料。根據有無設立床徬快速痰塗片檢查實驗室將研究對象分為兩組。所有VAP患者每日採用氣管導管內吸引術(ETA)收集下呼吸道痰標本,抗菌藥物經驗治療組(2009年6月至2011年12月,43例)根據VAP髮生時間、本院重癥鑑護病房(ICU)細菌流行病學鑑測資料以及是否存在多重耐藥病原菌感染高危因素選擇抗菌藥物;抗菌藥物目標治療組(2012年1月至2014年6月,43例)在經驗治療組的基礎上結閤床徬快速痰塗片革蘭染色鏡檢結果選擇初始抗菌藥物。分析入選患者痰塗片與痰培養結果的相關性,鑑測應用抗菌藥物噹日(1 d)及治療3 d時患者的體溫、外週血白細胞計數(WBC)、降鈣素原(PCT)、超敏C-反應蛋白(hs-CRP)等指標;記錄兩組抗菌藥物使用時間、機械通氣時間、ICU住院時間。結果痰培養閤格痰標本512份、檢齣病原菌336株,痰塗片鏡檢閤格痰標本512份、檢齣病原菌358株,痰塗片革蘭鏡檢結果與痰培養結果的符閤率為78.32%(401/512),診斷敏感度為85.42%(287/336),特異度為64.77%(114/176),暘性預測值為80.17%(287/358),陰性預測值為74.03%(114/154)。初始應用抗菌藥物時兩組患者各項感染指標差異均無統計學意義,治療3 d時各指標均明顯改善,且目標治療組患者體溫、WBC、PCT、hs-CRP明顯低于經驗治療組〔體溫(℃):36.83±0.69比37.64±0.71,WBC(×109/L):7.91±2.75比9.66±3.39,PCT(μg/L):7.14±3.89比10.14±4.32,hs-CRP(mg/L):12.24±6.28比15.54±5.94,P<0.05或P<0.01〕。與經驗治療組比較,目標治療組患者抗菌藥物使用時間(d:6.00±2.55比9.20±3.46)、機械通氣時間(d:5.00±1.73比7.00±1.94)、ICU住院時間(d:7.43±1.72比12.57±4.16)均明顯縮短(P<0.05或P<0.01)。結論優化的痰塗片檢查結果與痰培養結果具有很好的相關性,有助于早期診斷VAP及指導早期抗菌藥物的選擇,能縮短抗菌藥物使用時間、機械通氣時間及ICU住院時間,改善患者預後。
목적:탐토상방우화담도편검사대호흡궤상관성폐염(VAP)조기림상진치적응용개치。방법회고성분석천진시제사중심의원중증의학과2009년6월지2014년6월수치적궤계통기초과48 h차림상진단위VAP환자적림상자료。근거유무설립상방쾌속담도편검사실험실장연구대상분위량조。소유VAP환자매일채용기관도관내흡인술(ETA)수집하호흡도담표본,항균약물경험치료조(2009년6월지2011년12월,43례)근거VAP발생시간、본원중증감호병방(ICU)세균류행병학감측자료이급시부존재다중내약병원균감염고위인소선택항균약물;항균약물목표치료조(2012년1월지2014년6월,43례)재경험치료조적기출상결합상방쾌속담도편혁란염색경검결과선택초시항균약물。분석입선환자담도편여담배양결과적상관성,감측응용항균약물당일(1 d)급치료3 d시환자적체온、외주혈백세포계수(WBC)、강개소원(PCT)、초민C-반응단백(hs-CRP)등지표;기록량조항균약물사용시간、궤계통기시간、ICU주원시간。결과담배양합격담표본512빈、검출병원균336주,담도편경검합격담표본512빈、검출병원균358주,담도편혁란경검결과여담배양결과적부합솔위78.32%(401/512),진단민감도위85.42%(287/336),특이도위64.77%(114/176),양성예측치위80.17%(287/358),음성예측치위74.03%(114/154)。초시응용항균약물시량조환자각항감염지표차이균무통계학의의,치료3 d시각지표균명현개선,차목표치료조환자체온、WBC、PCT、hs-CRP명현저우경험치료조〔체온(℃):36.83±0.69비37.64±0.71,WBC(×109/L):7.91±2.75비9.66±3.39,PCT(μg/L):7.14±3.89비10.14±4.32,hs-CRP(mg/L):12.24±6.28비15.54±5.94,P<0.05혹P<0.01〕。여경험치료조비교,목표치료조환자항균약물사용시간(d:6.00±2.55비9.20±3.46)、궤계통기시간(d:5.00±1.73비7.00±1.94)、ICU주원시간(d:7.43±1.72비12.57±4.16)균명현축단(P<0.05혹P<0.01)。결론우화적담도편검사결과여담배양결과구유흔호적상관성,유조우조기진단VAP급지도조기항균약물적선택,능축단항균약물사용시간、궤계통기시간급ICU주원시간,개선환자예후。
Objective To investigate the significance of optimization of bedside Gram staining of sputum smear in the early diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)patients. Methods The data of patients with VAP undergoing mechanical ventilation over 48 hours in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital from June 2009 to June 2014 were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not bedside Gram staining of sputum smear was used or not. The sputum samples from lower respiratory tract of all VAP patients were collected daily with tracheal catheter. In empirical examination group(from June 2009 to December 2011,n=43),the patients received antibiotics at the time of onset of VAP, selection of antibiotics depended on the information of bacterial epidemiology of the intensive care unit(ICU),and also existence of high risk factors of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In target treatment group(from January 2012 to June 2014,n=43),the patients received antibiotics according to the results of bedside instant sputum smear examination and empirical antibiotic regime. The correlation between the results of sputum smear examination and culture result was analyzed. The levels of body temperature,white blood cell(WBC)count,procalcitonin(PCT)level,and high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)were measured on the 1st day and 3rd day. The length of antibiotics treatment, duration of mechanical ventilation,and the time of ICU stay were recorded for both groups. Results There were 512 qualified sputum specimens for culture,from which 336 pathogens were found,and 358 strains of pathogenic bacteria were found from microscopic examination of 512 qualified sputum smear. The coincidence rate of results of bedside examination of sputum smear and that of sputum culture was 78.32%(401/512). The diagnostic acumen of the former was 85.42%(287/336),specificity was 64.77%(114/176),positive predictive value was 80.17%(287/358),and negative predictive value was 74.03%(114/154). On the 1st day,no statistical differences in infection index between the two groups could be found,but on the 3rd day,the results were significantly improved in both groups. Compared with the empirical treatment group,the body temperature,WBC,PCT and hs-CRP in the target treatment group were significantly lower〔body temperature(℃):36.83±0.69 vs. 37.64±0.71,WBC(×109/L):7.91±2.75 vs. 9.66±3.39,PCT(μg/L):7.14±3.89 vs. 10.14±4.32,hs-CRP(mg/L):12.24±6.28 vs. 15.54±5.94,P<0.05 or P<0.01〕. Compared with the empirical treatment group,the time of antibiotics use(days:6.00±2.55 vs. 9.20±3.46), the duration of mechanical ventilation(days:5.00±1.73 vs. 7.00±1.94),and the length of ICU stay(days:7.43±1.72 vs. 12.57±4.16)were significantly shortened(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions The results of bedside sputum examination and sputum culture showed a good correlation,and the former is helpful in early diagnosis and treatment of VAP. The result of high quality sputum smear in significant in guiding the first choice of antibiotics,reduce the time of antibiotic use,shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of ICU stay,and improve the outcome of the patients.