CAJ | 학술논문

针对宁夏引黄灌区氮素流失严重的现状，通过大田试验研究生物炭施于灌淤土对水稻产量、水稻生育期内氮素运移特征及氮素流失量的影响。在常规施肥条件下设置高量炭（C3N300：9000 kg·hm-2）；中量炭（C2N300：6750 kg·hm-2）；低量炭（C1N300：4500 kg·hm-2）和不施炭（C0N300：0 kg·hm-2）4个处理。研究结果表明，生物炭和氮肥配合施用，对稻田田面水和渗漏水中氮素动态有一定影响，表现为总氮（TN）和硝态氮（NO-3-N）浓度随生物炭用量增加而降低，铵态氮（NH＋4-N）浓度升高；在对各层土壤氮素动态的影响上，表现为20 cm处渗漏水中氮素浓度受生物炭用量影响明显，但100 cm处氮素浓度受影响较小。对水稻生育期内氮素径流损失的影响表现为随生物炭施用量增加，田面水TN和NO-3-N径流流失风险下降，但NH＋4-N径流流失风险增加；本研究条件下添加生物炭对NO-3-N和NH＋4-N淋失没有表现出影响，TN淋失表现为随生物炭用量增加而降低，其中TN淋失量最小的是C3N300处理，整个生育期内淋失量为26.28 kg·hm-2，与常规施肥处理C0N300相比，减少9.45％。另外，添加生物炭增加水稻穗粒数和穗数，使水稻理论产量显著增加15.3％~44.9％，其中C3N300产量显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05）。生物炭用于灌淤土对水稻产量有促进作用，对降低稻田氮素淋失也表现出积极效果。
침대저하인황관구담소류실엄중적현상，통과대전시험연구생물탄시우관어토대수도산량、수도생육기내담소운이특정급담소류실량적영향。재상규시비조건하설치고량탄（C3N300：9000 kg·hm-2）；중량탄（C2N300：6750 kg·hm-2）；저량탄（C1N300：4500 kg·hm-2）화불시탄（C0N300：0 kg·hm-2）4개처리。연구결과표명，생물탄화담비배합시용，대도전전면수화삼루수중담소동태유일정영향，표현위총담（TN）화초태담（NO-3-N）농도수생물탄용량증가이강저，안태담（NH＋4-N）농도승고；재대각층토양담소동태적영향상，표현위20 cm처삼루수중담소농도수생물탄용량영향명현，단100 cm처담소농도수영향교소。대수도생육기내담소경류손실적영향표현위수생물탄시용량증가，전면수TN화NO-3-N경류류실풍험하강，단NH＋4-N경류류실풍험증가；본연구조건하첨가생물탄대NO-3-N화NH＋4-N림실몰유표현출영향，TN림실표현위수생물탄용량증가이강저，기중TN림실량최소적시C3N300처리，정개생육기내림실량위26.28 kg·hm-2，여상규시비처리C0N300상비，감소9.45％。령외，첨가생물탄증가수도수립수화수수，사수도이론산량현저증가15.3％~44.9％，기중C3N300산량현저고우기타처리（P＜0.05）。생물탄용우관어토대수도산량유촉진작용，대강저도전담소림실야표현출적겁효과。
Application of high rates of nitrogen(N)fertilizer and flooded irrigation in rice production often result in N leaching and low N use efficiency of fertilizers in Ningxia Irrigation Region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Reducing N leaching and improving N fertilizer use efficiency are important for sustainable and high yield rice production and water quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different rates of biochar on rice yield and nitrogen leaching in an anthropogenic-alluvial soil at the up-per reaches of the Yellow River basin in Northwest China. Three biochar rates with routine N rate(300 kg·hm-2)including C3N300(high rate of biochar, 9000 kg·hm-2);C2N300(Middle rate of biochar, 6750 kg·hm-2)and C1N300(low rate of biochar, 4500 kg·hm-2)and a null treatment(C0N300, no application of biochar)were set. Field lysimeters were used to quantify drainage amount during the rice growing season by an undisturbed sampling technique. The results showed that biochar amendment decreased the concentrations of both TN and NO-3-N but increased ammonium N concentrations in the water layer and leaching water in anthropogenic-alluvial soil. Effects of biochar a-mendments on N leaching in soil profiles were greatest at 20 cm depth, but little at 100 cm. During rice growing season, the run-off loss of TN and NO-3-N decreased while that of NH+4-N increased with increasing biochar rates. Amendment of biochar decreased TN leaching by 9.45%at C3N300, compared with C0N300 treatment. Biochar amendments significantly increased rice yield by 15.3%~44.9%over the con-trol through increased spikelets per panicle and panicle number per hectare. The rate of biochare was positively correlated with rice yield(r=0.962*,P<0.05). Our study reveals that biochar can positively increase rice yield while reducing nitrogen leaching in the rice fields.