植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
6期
1534-1544
,共11页
黄巧义%唐拴虎%卢瑛%张发宝%杨少海
黃巧義%唐拴虎%盧瑛%張髮寶%楊少海
황교의%당전호%로영%장발보%양소해
酸性硫酸盐土%成土过程%铁%硫%酸%生态效应
痠性硫痠鹽土%成土過程%鐵%硫%痠%生態效應
산성류산염토%성토과정%철%류%산%생태효응
acid su1fate soi1%soi1-forming Process%iron%su1fur%acid%eco1ogica1 effect
酸性硫酸盐土( ASS)是全球沿海周边广泛分布的土壤种类,其铁、硫元素的生物地球化学过程在全球物质循环过程中具有重要地位,但ASS也是最低质的土壤类型之一。ASS成土母质常形成于富含有机质、海水浸泡的江口、海湾等热带亚热带滨海环境,经异化细菌还原海水硫酸盐而形成四方硫铁矿( FeS)、硫复铁矿( Fe3 S4)、黄铁矿( FeS2)等多种还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物。ASS成土母质形成过程中的生物活动、化学反应相当活跃,还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物将环境中游离的金属、稀土元素以及痕量元素固定下来,实现海水净化、金属富集作用。因自然条件变化或者人为干扰等影响,ASS成土母质中的还原态Fe-S矿物被氧化而形成ASS。富含还原性硫化铁矿物的成土母质经一系列复杂反应,被氧化形成氢氧化铁、酸、硫酸盐等最终产物,同时伴生多种铁、硫生物中间产物,以及强酸土壤环境。强酸环境下,铝、镉、锰、砷、铬等有毒金属的活性大幅提高,而磷、钾、锌、硼等必需营养元素含量显著降低,严重危害实地动植物生长。另一方面,ASS中的酸和活化的重金属随雨水、径流、毛细管等途径进入河流、地下水,威胁周边生态安全。目前,ASS的形成机理已基本被揭示,以及ASS发育过程中的生态环境效应已基本清晰。然而,我国早期学者主要关注ASS的铁、铝、硫含量水平,以及ASS发育农田的改良应用,对于ASS的发育过程、生态功能及风险等尚未形成系统的认识。近年来,随着耕地面积不断萎缩,开发改良ASS等低产田块是提高我国粮食产量水平的重要措施。因此,为了合理开发利用ASS,尽量降低ASS的生态风险,亟需对ASS的形成机理、发育过程、土壤特性、生态环境效应进行全面综述。本文首先对ASS的形成条件与过程进行综述,进一步梳理了ASS中硫的演变和铁的地球化学过程,并着重阐述了ASS的酸性特点,最后对ASS的生态环境效应进行了讨论。结合我国研究现状,展望了进一步研究ASS的主要问题,旨在为科学开发和利用酸性硫酸盐土提供参考。
痠性硫痠鹽土( ASS)是全毬沿海週邊廣汎分佈的土壤種類,其鐵、硫元素的生物地毬化學過程在全毬物質循環過程中具有重要地位,但ASS也是最低質的土壤類型之一。ASS成土母質常形成于富含有機質、海水浸泡的江口、海灣等熱帶亞熱帶濱海環境,經異化細菌還原海水硫痠鹽而形成四方硫鐵礦( FeS)、硫複鐵礦( Fe3 S4)、黃鐵礦( FeS2)等多種還原態Fe-S礦物沉澱物。ASS成土母質形成過程中的生物活動、化學反應相噹活躍,還原態Fe-S礦物沉澱物將環境中遊離的金屬、稀土元素以及痕量元素固定下來,實現海水淨化、金屬富集作用。因自然條件變化或者人為榦擾等影響,ASS成土母質中的還原態Fe-S礦物被氧化而形成ASS。富含還原性硫化鐵礦物的成土母質經一繫列複雜反應,被氧化形成氫氧化鐵、痠、硫痠鹽等最終產物,同時伴生多種鐵、硫生物中間產物,以及彊痠土壤環境。彊痠環境下,鋁、鎘、錳、砷、鉻等有毒金屬的活性大幅提高,而燐、鉀、鋅、硼等必需營養元素含量顯著降低,嚴重危害實地動植物生長。另一方麵,ASS中的痠和活化的重金屬隨雨水、徑流、毛細管等途徑進入河流、地下水,威脅週邊生態安全。目前,ASS的形成機理已基本被揭示,以及ASS髮育過程中的生態環境效應已基本清晰。然而,我國早期學者主要關註ASS的鐵、鋁、硫含量水平,以及ASS髮育農田的改良應用,對于ASS的髮育過程、生態功能及風險等尚未形成繫統的認識。近年來,隨著耕地麵積不斷萎縮,開髮改良ASS等低產田塊是提高我國糧食產量水平的重要措施。因此,為瞭閤理開髮利用ASS,儘量降低ASS的生態風險,亟需對ASS的形成機理、髮育過程、土壤特性、生態環境效應進行全麵綜述。本文首先對ASS的形成條件與過程進行綜述,進一步梳理瞭ASS中硫的縯變和鐵的地毬化學過程,併著重闡述瞭ASS的痠性特點,最後對ASS的生態環境效應進行瞭討論。結閤我國研究現狀,展望瞭進一步研究ASS的主要問題,旨在為科學開髮和利用痠性硫痠鹽土提供參攷。
산성류산염토( ASS)시전구연해주변엄범분포적토양충류,기철、류원소적생물지구화학과정재전구물질순배과정중구유중요지위,단ASS야시최저질적토양류형지일。ASS성토모질상형성우부함유궤질、해수침포적강구、해만등열대아열대빈해배경,경이화세균환원해수류산염이형성사방류철광( FeS)、류복철광( Fe3 S4)、황철광( FeS2)등다충환원태Fe-S광물침정물。ASS성토모질형성과정중적생물활동、화학반응상당활약,환원태Fe-S광물침정물장배경중유리적금속、희토원소이급흔량원소고정하래,실현해수정화、금속부집작용。인자연조건변화혹자인위간우등영향,ASS성토모질중적환원태Fe-S광물피양화이형성ASS。부함환원성류화철광물적성토모질경일계렬복잡반응,피양화형성경양화철、산、류산염등최종산물,동시반생다충철、류생물중간산물,이급강산토양배경。강산배경하,려、력、맹、신、락등유독금속적활성대폭제고,이린、갑、자、붕등필수영양원소함량현저강저,엄중위해실지동식물생장。령일방면,ASS중적산화활화적중금속수우수、경류、모세관등도경진입하류、지하수,위협주변생태안전。목전,ASS적형성궤리이기본피게시,이급ASS발육과정중적생태배경효응이기본청석。연이,아국조기학자주요관주ASS적철、려、류함량수평,이급ASS발육농전적개량응용,대우ASS적발육과정、생태공능급풍험등상미형성계통적인식。근년래,수착경지면적불단위축,개발개량ASS등저산전괴시제고아국양식산량수평적중요조시。인차,위료합리개발이용ASS,진량강저ASS적생태풍험,극수대ASS적형성궤리、발육과정、토양특성、생태배경효응진행전면종술。본문수선대ASS적형성조건여과정진행종술,진일보소리료ASS중류적연변화철적지구화학과정,병착중천술료ASS적산성특점,최후대ASS적생태배경효응진행료토론。결합아국연구현상,전망료진일보연구ASS적주요문제,지재위과학개발화이용산성류산염토제공삼고。
Acid su1fate soi1( ASS)is one of the nastiest soi1s in the word because of its strong acidity. Fe and S biogeochemica1 cyc1ing in ASS P1ays an imPortant ro1e in g1oba1 materia1 recyc1ing. The Parent materia1s of ASS are often form troPica1 and subtroPica1 estuary,bay and other coasta1 environment,where is submerged and rich in organic matter. Dissimi1ation bacteria reduce seawater su1fate to form mackinawite( FeS),greigite( Fe3 S4 ),Pyrite ( FeS2 )and other reduced Fe-S sediments. Sedimentation of reduced Fe-S minera1s coPreciPitates free meta1s,rare earth e1ements and trace e1ements in the environment,Purifies seawater and enrichs meta1s. ASS is formed through oxidation of reduced Fe-S minera1s in soi1s by natura1 Process or anthroPogenic interventions. The oxidation of Fe-S minera1s u1timate1y resu1ts in Products such as Fe-hydroxides,acidity and su1fate,invo1ves a series of comP1ex reactions,with severa1 Fe and S intermediate and strong acidic soi1. In strong acid soi1s,the mobi1ities of A1,Cd, Mn,As,Cr and other Potentia11y toxic meta1s are significant1y high,whi1e the bioavai1abi1ities of P,K,Zn,B and other essentia1 nutrients are significant1y 1ow,which adverse1y affects anima1 and P1ant growth. On the other hand, the mobi1ised acid and toxic e1ements can enter nearby waterways and groundwater through rain,runoff,seePage and other ways,threatening the surrounding eco1ogica1 security. The formation mechanism of ASS has been disc1osed,and its eco1ogica1 effect has been understood. In the ear1y studies,Chinese researchers have focused on concentrations of iron,a1uminum and su1fur in ASS and the remediation and aPP1ications of ASS farm1and,few studies on the deve1oPmenta1 Processes,the eco1ogica1 functions and risks of ASS are conducted. Recent1y,as arab1e 1and shrinking,imProving the yie1ds of ASS and other 1ow-yie1ding fie1ds become imPortant measures to increase China's grain Production. For the rationa1 exP1oit and uti1ize of ASS with minimum eco1ogica1 risks,the formation mechanism,soi1 deve1oPment,soi1 characteristics and eco1ogica1 effects of ASS are reviewed. The forming condition and deve1oPment of ASS were summarized,su1fur dynamics and geochemistry and Partitioning of iron in ASS were Presented,and the distinctive acid characteristics of the soi1 were discussed. The PersPectives of ASS in China were ProPosed to Provide references for fu11 uniti1ization of ASS.