CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】研究长期秸秆还田与施肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响，为该种植模式下作物最佳养分管理提供技术支撑。【方法】自2005年起在成都平原的广汉市开展了水稻-油菜轮作下连续秸秆覆盖还田+免耕与不同施肥的长期定位试验。试验为随机区组设计，共有8个处理，3次重复。这8个处理包括对照（只施化肥、无秸秆覆盖）和秸秆覆盖还田下4个氮肥用量、2个磷肥用量和3个钾肥用量的7个组合处理。自2005年起每季收获时采集植株样本，分析不同处理下水稻和油菜的农艺形状与产量变化情况，2010年水稻收获后采取耕层（0—5 cm、5—15 cm和15—30 cm）土样，分析不同处理的土壤肥力演化趋势。【结果】在稻-油轮作下，同一处理水稻和油菜产量受气候变化影响存在显著的年度间差异。秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响始于覆盖后的第三年，即秸秆覆盖处理的水稻产量显著高于相同施氮量的无覆盖对照处理，油菜秸秆覆盖条件下的减磷和减钾处理的水稻产量相当或高于对照处理。按此计算，秸秆还田在水稻季每公顷可节约大约N 60 kg和K2 O 90 kg。在油菜季，稻草覆盖似乎不能明显减少氮肥投入，减磷处理的油菜产量始终最低。因此，施用充足的磷肥成为油菜高产的关键，该结果为稻-油轮作制度中磷肥的合理分配提供了科学依据，即磷肥应重点施在油菜上，水稻上可少施或不施磷肥。在油菜季，秸秆还田每公顷能节约大约N 30 kg和K2 O 90 kg。连续秸秆覆盖+免耕使土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分在0—5 cm土层聚集，但对下层土壤影响不大；减磷、减钾处理使土壤磷、钾耗竭，但无覆盖对照处理的土壤钾耗竭大于减钾处理；在磷钾施肥量不变的情况下，增加氮肥施用量降低了土壤速效钾与有效磷含量。长期秸秆覆盖还田+免耕能显著改善0—5 cm土层的土壤物理性状，即降低土壤容重，增加孔隙度、非水稳性和水稳性团聚体的数量，但增加了下层土壤的容重和降低了土壤孔隙度。【结论】长期秸秆覆盖还田+免耕能显著提高水稻-油菜轮作下的作物产量，减少肥料投入和提高表层土壤肥力水平，但油菜季必须注意施用足够的磷肥以保证油菜籽高产的需要。【目的】研究長期秸稈還田與施肥對作物產量和土壤肥力的影響，為該種植模式下作物最佳養分管理提供技術支撐。【方法】自2005年起在成都平原的廣漢市開展瞭水稻-油菜輪作下連續秸稈覆蓋還田+免耕與不同施肥的長期定位試驗。試驗為隨機區組設計，共有8箇處理，3次重複。這8箇處理包括對照（隻施化肥、無秸稈覆蓋）和秸稈覆蓋還田下4箇氮肥用量、2箇燐肥用量和3箇鉀肥用量的7箇組閤處理。自2005年起每季收穫時採集植株樣本，分析不同處理下水稻和油菜的農藝形狀與產量變化情況，2010年水稻收穫後採取耕層（0—5 cm、5—15 cm和15—30 cm）土樣，分析不同處理的土壤肥力縯化趨勢。【結果】在稻-油輪作下，同一處理水稻和油菜產量受氣候變化影響存在顯著的年度間差異。秸稈還田對水稻產量的影響始于覆蓋後的第三年，即秸稈覆蓋處理的水稻產量顯著高于相同施氮量的無覆蓋對照處理，油菜秸稈覆蓋條件下的減燐和減鉀處理的水稻產量相噹或高于對照處理。按此計算，秸稈還田在水稻季每公頃可節約大約N 60 kg和K2 O 90 kg。在油菜季，稻草覆蓋似乎不能明顯減少氮肥投入，減燐處理的油菜產量始終最低。因此，施用充足的燐肥成為油菜高產的關鍵，該結果為稻-油輪作製度中燐肥的閤理分配提供瞭科學依據，即燐肥應重點施在油菜上，水稻上可少施或不施燐肥。在油菜季，秸稈還田每公頃能節約大約N 30 kg和K2 O 90 kg。連續秸稈覆蓋+免耕使土壤有機質和氮、燐、鉀養分在0—5 cm土層聚集，但對下層土壤影響不大；減燐、減鉀處理使土壤燐、鉀耗竭，但無覆蓋對照處理的土壤鉀耗竭大于減鉀處理；在燐鉀施肥量不變的情況下，增加氮肥施用量降低瞭土壤速效鉀與有效燐含量。長期秸稈覆蓋還田+免耕能顯著改善0—5 cm土層的土壤物理性狀，即降低土壤容重，增加孔隙度、非水穩性和水穩性糰聚體的數量，但增加瞭下層土壤的容重和降低瞭土壤孔隙度。【結論】長期秸稈覆蓋還田+免耕能顯著提高水稻-油菜輪作下的作物產量，減少肥料投入和提高錶層土壤肥力水平，但油菜季必鬚註意施用足夠的燐肥以保證油菜籽高產的需要。
【목적】연구장기갈간환전여시비대작물산량화토양비력적영향，위해충식모식하작물최가양분관리제공기술지탱。【방법】자2005년기재성도평원적엄한시개전료수도-유채륜작하련속갈간복개환전+면경여불동시비적장기정위시험。시험위수궤구조설계，공유8개처리，3차중복。저8개처리포괄대조（지시화비、무갈간복개）화갈간복개환전하4개담비용량、2개린비용량화3개갑비용량적7개조합처리。자2005년기매계수획시채집식주양본，분석불동처리하수도화유채적농예형상여산량변화정황，2010년수도수획후채취경층（0—5 cm、5—15 cm화15—30 cm）토양，분석불동처리적토양비력연화추세。【결과】재도-유륜작하，동일처리수도화유채산량수기후변화영향존재현저적년도간차이。갈간환전대수도산량적영향시우복개후적제삼년，즉갈간복개처리적수도산량현저고우상동시담량적무복개대조처리，유채갈간복개조건하적감린화감갑처리적수도산량상당혹고우대조처리。안차계산，갈간환전재수도계매공경가절약대약N 60 kg화K2 O 90 kg。재유채계，도초복개사호불능명현감소담비투입，감린처리적유채산량시종최저。인차，시용충족적린비성위유채고산적관건，해결과위도-유륜작제도중린비적합리분배제공료과학의거，즉린비응중점시재유채상，수도상가소시혹불시린비。재유채계，갈간환전매공경능절약대약N 30 kg화K2 O 90 kg。련속갈간복개+면경사토양유궤질화담、린、갑양분재0—5 cm토층취집，단대하층토양영향불대；감린、감갑처리사토양린、갑모갈，단무복개대조처리적토양갑모갈대우감갑처리；재린갑시비량불변적정황하，증가담비시용량강저료토양속효갑여유효린함량。장기갈간복개환전+면경능현저개선0—5 cm토층적토양물이성상，즉강저토양용중，증가공극도、비수은성화수은성단취체적수량，단증가료하층토양적용중화강저료토양공극도。【결론】장기갈간복개환전+면경능현저제고수도-유채륜작하적작물산량，감소비료투입화제고표층토양비력수평，단유채계필수주의시용족구적린비이보증유채자고산적수요。
Objectives]The study of the effects of 1ong-term returning of croP residues and ferti1ization on croP yie1ds and soi1 ferti1ity can offer the scientific base for the best nutrient management in croPPing system.[Methods]A 1ong-term fie1d exPeriment with rice-raPessed rotation has been conducted in Guanghan City, Chengdu P1ain since 2005. The exPeriment consisted of eight treatments:chemica1 ferti1izers without straw mu1ch (CK),four rates of nitrogen,two rates of PhosPhorus and three rates of Potassium under straw mu1ch, resPective1y. Since 2005,P1ant samP1es of each P1ot were co11ected and croP seed/grain yie1ds were recorded at harvest,soi1 samP1es were co11ected at 0-5,5-15 and 15-30 cm dePths of each P1ot after rice harvested in 2010.[Results]Under rice-raPeseed rotation,croP yie1ds vary considerab1y from year to year due to the weather changes. Rice yie1ds were significant1y affected by the surface mu1ched raPeseed residue since the third year of the exPeriment. The rice yie1d of the treatments with the straw mu1ch was significant1y higher than those treatments receiving equa1 amount of N ferti1izer without mu1ch,and equiva1ent or even higher rice yie1ds were obtained in treatments of -P and -K with mu1ch than the CK. Thus,about 60 kg of N and 90 kg of K2 O Per hectare cou1d be cut off from the ferti1izer inPut through raPeseed residue mu1ch in the rice season. In the raPeseed season,however, rice straw mu1ch was not ab1e to reduce nitrogen inPut,the -P treatment Produced the 1owest raPeseed yie1d, indicating that P ferti1izers shou1d be aPP1ied in the raPeseed season,but 1ess or not in the rice season. In the raPeseed season,about 30 kg of N and 90 kg of K2 O Per hectare can be saved by rice straw mu1ch. Continued straw mu1ch and no-ti11age main1y benefit the accumu1ation of soi1 organic matter,N,P and K at 0-5 cm soi1 1ayer, much 1ess in the soi1 1ayers be1ow. The -P and -K treatments obvious1y deP1eted the soi1 P and K reserves and the CK treatment main1y deP1eted soi1 K reserves. Under the same P and K rates,contents of soi1 avai1ab1e K and P were decreased with the increase of N inPut rates. Long-term straw mu1ch and no-ti11age dramatica11y decreased soi1 bu1k density,increased soi1 Porosity,non water-stab1e aggregates and water-stab1e aggregates,imProved the Physica1 ProPerties of the 0-5 cm soi1 1ayer.[Conclusions]Long-term straw mu1ch P1us no-ti11age in the rice-raPeseed rotation system cou1d significant1y increase croP yie1ds,reduce ferti1izer inPuts( Particu1ar1y in rice season)and imProve toP 1ayer soi1 ferti1ity. Adequate P ferti1izer shou1d be aPP1ied in raPeseed,1ess or not in rice for high yie1d and high Profit Production.