植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
6期
1441-1449
,共9页
赵士诚%曹彩云%李科江%仇少君%周卫%何萍
趙士誠%曹綵雲%李科江%仇少君%週衛%何萍
조사성%조채운%리과강%구소군%주위%하평
秸秆还田%土壤肥力%氮库%有机氮%作物产量
秸稈還田%土壤肥力%氮庫%有機氮%作物產量
갈간환전%토양비력%담고%유궤담%작물산량
straw return%soi1 ferti1ity%N Poo1%organic N%croP yie1d
【目的】近年,华北小麦-玉米轮作系统秸秆全量还田已逐步普及,但秸秆还田下土壤氮库组成的变化并不清楚。本文利用肥料定位试验,研究了长期秸秆还田(32年)对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分和作物产量的影响。【方法】研究选用河北省衡水旱作试验站长期定位试验的不施肥(对照CK)和等量氮、磷肥用量下的0 kg/hm2( S0)、2250 kg/hm2(S1)、4500 kg/hm2(S2)和9000 kg/hm2(S3)秸秆还田处理。于2012年小麦收获后采集各处理0—20 cm土样,利用新鲜土样测定微生物量氮、NH4+-N和NO3--N;风干土壤用常规方法测定氮磷钾全养分、有机质和PH,用Bremner法测定有机氮(酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮、氨基糖氮和酸解未知态氮),用Si1ver-Bremner法测定固定态铵。同时结合长期试验数据,分析长期秸秆还田下有机质和作物产量的变化。【结果】与试验开始前(1981年)相比,长期施用化肥处理的土壤全磷和有机质显著增加,全氮没有明显变化,而全钾出现降低趋势(-3.2%);秸秆用量的增加提高了全氮、全磷和有机质,降低了PH值,但对全钾没有影响。酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮和未知态氮为潮土有机氮的主要组分;与CK相比,长期施肥提高了土壤有机氮含量,酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮和氨基糖氮均随秸秆用量的增加而增加,而不同施肥处理对酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮没有明显影响。长期化肥施用提高了微生物量氮和晶格固定态铵,秸秆用量的增加进一步提高了微生物量氮,但降低了固定碳铵。施肥没有明显影响NH4+-N含量,但长期施用化肥提高了NO3--N含量,且高量秸秆还田对NO3--N含量的提高具有促进作用。施肥显著提高了作物产量,在施用化肥基础上增施秸秆进一步提高了小麦和玉米产量,且玉米产量随秸秆用量的增加而增加,而高量秸秆还田对小麦产量并没有显著影响。【结论】长期化肥(氮、磷肥)和秸秆结合施用提高了土壤肥力(主要为氮、磷),增加了土壤碳固持,但仅玉米秸秆还田导致了土壤钾消耗,增加钾肥投入维持土壤钾平衡是必要的。长期秸秆还田对酸解氨基酸态氮的贡献高于酸解氨态氮;高量秸秆还田提高了微生物量氮和NO3--N含量,但降低了固定态铵含量。长期秸秆还田提高了作物产量,而为保证秸秆还田后茬的作物高产,与之配套的还田方法和田间管理是很必要的。
【目的】近年,華北小麥-玉米輪作繫統秸稈全量還田已逐步普及,但秸稈還田下土壤氮庫組成的變化併不清楚。本文利用肥料定位試驗,研究瞭長期秸稈還田(32年)對華北潮土肥力、氮庫組分和作物產量的影響。【方法】研究選用河北省衡水旱作試驗站長期定位試驗的不施肥(對照CK)和等量氮、燐肥用量下的0 kg/hm2( S0)、2250 kg/hm2(S1)、4500 kg/hm2(S2)和9000 kg/hm2(S3)秸稈還田處理。于2012年小麥收穫後採集各處理0—20 cm土樣,利用新鮮土樣測定微生物量氮、NH4+-N和NO3--N;風榦土壤用常規方法測定氮燐鉀全養分、有機質和PH,用Bremner法測定有機氮(痠解氨基痠態氮、痠解氨態氮、氨基糖氮和痠解未知態氮),用Si1ver-Bremner法測定固定態銨。同時結閤長期試驗數據,分析長期秸稈還田下有機質和作物產量的變化。【結果】與試驗開始前(1981年)相比,長期施用化肥處理的土壤全燐和有機質顯著增加,全氮沒有明顯變化,而全鉀齣現降低趨勢(-3.2%);秸稈用量的增加提高瞭全氮、全燐和有機質,降低瞭PH值,但對全鉀沒有影響。痠解氨基痠態氮、痠解氨態氮和未知態氮為潮土有機氮的主要組分;與CK相比,長期施肥提高瞭土壤有機氮含量,痠解氨基痠態氮、痠解氨態氮和氨基糖氮均隨秸稈用量的增加而增加,而不同施肥處理對痠解未知態氮和非痠解氮沒有明顯影響。長期化肥施用提高瞭微生物量氮和晶格固定態銨,秸稈用量的增加進一步提高瞭微生物量氮,但降低瞭固定碳銨。施肥沒有明顯影響NH4+-N含量,但長期施用化肥提高瞭NO3--N含量,且高量秸稈還田對NO3--N含量的提高具有促進作用。施肥顯著提高瞭作物產量,在施用化肥基礎上增施秸稈進一步提高瞭小麥和玉米產量,且玉米產量隨秸稈用量的增加而增加,而高量秸稈還田對小麥產量併沒有顯著影響。【結論】長期化肥(氮、燐肥)和秸稈結閤施用提高瞭土壤肥力(主要為氮、燐),增加瞭土壤碳固持,但僅玉米秸稈還田導緻瞭土壤鉀消耗,增加鉀肥投入維持土壤鉀平衡是必要的。長期秸稈還田對痠解氨基痠態氮的貢獻高于痠解氨態氮;高量秸稈還田提高瞭微生物量氮和NO3--N含量,但降低瞭固定態銨含量。長期秸稈還田提高瞭作物產量,而為保證秸稈還田後茬的作物高產,與之配套的還田方法和田間管理是很必要的。
【목적】근년,화북소맥-옥미륜작계통갈간전량환전이축보보급,단갈간환전하토양담고조성적변화병불청초。본문이용비료정위시험,연구료장기갈간환전(32년)대화북조토비력、담고조분화작물산량적영향。【방법】연구선용하북성형수한작시험참장기정위시험적불시비(대조CK)화등량담、린비용량하적0 kg/hm2( S0)、2250 kg/hm2(S1)、4500 kg/hm2(S2)화9000 kg/hm2(S3)갈간환전처리。우2012년소맥수획후채집각처리0—20 cm토양,이용신선토양측정미생물량담、NH4+-N화NO3--N;풍간토양용상규방법측정담린갑전양분、유궤질화PH,용Bremner법측정유궤담(산해안기산태담、산해안태담、안기당담화산해미지태담),용Si1ver-Bremner법측정고정태안。동시결합장기시험수거,분석장기갈간환전하유궤질화작물산량적변화。【결과】여시험개시전(1981년)상비,장기시용화비처리적토양전린화유궤질현저증가,전담몰유명현변화,이전갑출현강저추세(-3.2%);갈간용량적증가제고료전담、전린화유궤질,강저료PH치,단대전갑몰유영향。산해안기산태담、산해안태담화미지태담위조토유궤담적주요조분;여CK상비,장기시비제고료토양유궤담함량,산해안기산태담、산해안태담화안기당담균수갈간용량적증가이증가,이불동시비처리대산해미지태담화비산해담몰유명현영향。장기화비시용제고료미생물량담화정격고정태안,갈간용량적증가진일보제고료미생물량담,단강저료고정탄안。시비몰유명현영향NH4+-N함량,단장기시용화비제고료NO3--N함량,차고량갈간환전대NO3--N함량적제고구유촉진작용。시비현저제고료작물산량,재시용화비기출상증시갈간진일보제고료소맥화옥미산량,차옥미산량수갈간용량적증가이증가,이고량갈간환전대소맥산량병몰유현저영향。【결론】장기화비(담、린비)화갈간결합시용제고료토양비력(주요위담、린),증가료토양탄고지,단부옥미갈간환전도치료토양갑소모,증가갑비투입유지토양갑평형시필요적。장기갈간환전대산해안기산태담적공헌고우산해안태담;고량갈간환전제고료미생물량담화NO3--N함량,단강저료고정태안함량。장기갈간환전제고료작물산량,이위보증갈간환전후치적작물고산,여지배투적환전방법화전간관리시흔필요적。
Objectives]Recent1y,both wheat and maize straws return is widesPread in a winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. )-summer maize( Zea mays L. )rotation system in North China,but the changes of soi1 N Poo1 fractions under the straw return are not c1ear. We studied effects of straw return on soi1 ferti1ity,N Poo1 fractions and croP yie1ds by a 1ong-term ferti1izer exPeriment.[Methods]We chose a no-ferti1izer contro1( CK)and maize straw return at rates of 0 kg/ha( S0 ),2250 kg/ha( S1 ),4500 kg/ha( S2 )and 9000 kg/ha( S3 )combined with nitrogen( N)and PhosPhorus( P)ferti1izers from the 1ong-term ferti1izer exPeriment in Hengshui Dry1and Farming ExPerimenta1 Station,Hebei Province. Soi1 samP1es(0-20 cm)were co11ected in each P1ot after wheat harvest in 2012. We determined soi1 microbia1 biomass N,NH4+-N and NO3--N with fresh soi1 samP1es. With air-dried soi1 samP1es,we determined soi1 tota1 N,tota1 P,tota1 Potassium( K),organic matter,and PH using conventiona1 methods,and ana1yzed soi1 organic N( hydro1ysab1e amino acid N,amino sugar N,ammonia N and hydro1ysab1e unknown N)and fixed ammonium using the methods of Bremner and Si1ver-Bremner,resPective1y. Additiona11y, the changes of soi1 organic matter and croP yie1ds were ana1yzed using the data of the 1ong-term exPeriment.[Results]ComPared with the initia1 nutrient contents(1981),1ong-term aPP1ication of chemica1 ferti1izers increases soi1 tota1 P and organic matter,does not inf1uence soi1 tota1 N,and decreases soi1 tota1 K( -3. 2%). The increase in straw rates enhances soi1 tota1 N,tota1 P and organic matter,but decreases soi1 PH,and does not inf1uence soi1 tota1 K. The hydro1ysab1e amino acid N,hydro1ysab1e ammonia N and hydro1ysab1e unknown N are main1y fractions of organic N in f1uvo-aquic soi1. ComPared with CK,soi1 organic N is increased under the 1ong-term ferti1ization, and the hydro1ysab1e amino acid N,ammonia N and amino sugar N are a11 increased with the increase of straw rates,whi1e the hydro1ysab1e unknown N and non-hydro1ysab1e N are not changed under different ferti1ization treatments. The 1ong-term aPP1ication of chemica1 ferti1izers enhances soi1 microbia1 biomass N and fixed ammonium. The increase in straw rates further increases the microbia1 biomass N,but decreases the fixed ammonium. The ferti1ization treatments do not affect soi1 NH4+-N,but the aPP1ication of chemica1 ferti1izers increases soi1 NO3--N,and higher rate of straw inPuts further increases soi1 NO3--N. The ferti1ization increases croP yie1ds,and straw return on the basis of chemica1 ferti1izers further increases croP yie1ds. The maize yie1ds are increased with the increase of straw rates;however,the increase in straw rates does not affect wheat yie1ds.[Conclusions]The 1ong-term combined aPP1ication of chemica1 ferti1izers( N and P ) and straw enhances soi1 ferti1ity(main1y N and P)and qua1ity,and increases soi1 C sequestration,but on1y maize straw return 1eads to serious deP1etion of soi1 K,and the increase of K ferti1izer inPuts is necessary to sustain soi1 K ba1ance. The effect of the 1ong-term straw return on hydro1ysab1e amino acid N is greater than that on ammonia N,and the higher rates of straw return increase soi1 microbia1 biomass N and NO3--N,but decreases fixed ammonium. The 1ong-term straw return enhances croP yie1ds,however,scientific straw return and fie1d management Practices are necessary to ensure high croP yie1ds under straw return.