CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】因土壤类型、养分管理措施不同导致施肥后作物的增产效应不同，由此影响经济效益。通过研究当前我国北方玉米产区氮、磷、钾施用对玉米的增产效应和经济效益，分析给定施肥效应、肥料和玉米价格情况下玉米的经济效益变化，为我国北方玉米科学施肥和经济施肥提供一定的借鉴意义。【方法】20102012年在我国北方七省玉米种植区开展373个田间试验。试验设置基于产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥（ Nutrient ExPert，简称NE），在此基础上设置减素处理包括不施氮、不施磷和不施钾处理，以农民习惯施肥为对照。依据产量和试验期间玉米和肥料价格计算了肥料氮、磷、钾施用的产投比。【结果】玉米各试验点产量效应变异很大，黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、河南、山东和山西各点的施氮产量效应分别为3040、2314、2324、981、2139、1184和1244 kg/hm2，施磷产量效应分别为1463、1216、1425、635、944、376和620 kg/hm2，施钾产量效应分别为1454、1063、1532、877、910、383和592 kg/hm2。氮、磷、钾素产量效应变化范围分别为3417900 kg/hm2，115381 kg/hm2以及94097 kg/hm2，依次平均为1889、954和973 kg/hm2，表明不施氮对产量影响最大、其次为钾，不施磷对产量影响最小。经济效益分析结果表明，施用氮、磷和钾平均产投比（ VCR）分别为2.8、7.8和4.6，即投入单位金额的氮、磷和钾养分可分别获得2.8、7.8和4.6倍的收益。预测不同肥料价格和玉米价格下的VCR表明，随着施肥增产效应的增加，即使施肥量增加，VCR也增加。收益多少随增产效应、施肥量、肥料和玉米价格而变化。采用专家系统推荐的N-P2 O5-K2 O用量（157-56-67 kg/hm2）获得的籽粒产量为10255 kg/hm2、经济效益为18903 yuan/hm2，同样地点农民习惯施肥N-P2 O5-K2 O（225-61-47 kg/hm2）获得的产量和经济效益分别为9996 kg/hm2和18154元/hm2。专家系统推荐施肥多获益748 yuan/hm2，其中1/3来自节约的肥料，2/3来自增产带来的效益。【结论】我国北方玉米产区玉米的增产效应以氮最高，其次是钾，磷最小。依据肥料价格因素，单位氮磷钾养分收益磷最高，其次是钾，最低是氮。依据玉米价格和肥料价格综合考虑，基于NE专家系统的推荐N-P2 O5-K2 O用量（157-56-67 kg/hm2）是北方各地获得高产和高收益的施肥用量。【目的】因土壤類型、養分管理措施不同導緻施肥後作物的增產效應不同，由此影響經濟效益。通過研究噹前我國北方玉米產區氮、燐、鉀施用對玉米的增產效應和經濟效益，分析給定施肥效應、肥料和玉米價格情況下玉米的經濟效益變化，為我國北方玉米科學施肥和經濟施肥提供一定的藉鑒意義。【方法】20102012年在我國北方七省玉米種植區開展373箇田間試驗。試驗設置基于產量反應和農學效率的推薦施肥（ Nutrient ExPert，簡稱NE），在此基礎上設置減素處理包括不施氮、不施燐和不施鉀處理，以農民習慣施肥為對照。依據產量和試驗期間玉米和肥料價格計算瞭肥料氮、燐、鉀施用的產投比。【結果】玉米各試驗點產量效應變異很大，黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、河北、河南、山東和山西各點的施氮產量效應分彆為3040、2314、2324、981、2139、1184和1244 kg/hm2，施燐產量效應分彆為1463、1216、1425、635、944、376和620 kg/hm2，施鉀產量效應分彆為1454、1063、1532、877、910、383和592 kg/hm2。氮、燐、鉀素產量效應變化範圍分彆為3417900 kg/hm2，115381 kg/hm2以及94097 kg/hm2，依次平均為1889、954和973 kg/hm2，錶明不施氮對產量影響最大、其次為鉀，不施燐對產量影響最小。經濟效益分析結果錶明，施用氮、燐和鉀平均產投比（ VCR）分彆為2.8、7.8和4.6，即投入單位金額的氮、燐和鉀養分可分彆穫得2.8、7.8和4.6倍的收益。預測不同肥料價格和玉米價格下的VCR錶明，隨著施肥增產效應的增加，即使施肥量增加，VCR也增加。收益多少隨增產效應、施肥量、肥料和玉米價格而變化。採用專傢繫統推薦的N-P2 O5-K2 O用量（157-56-67 kg/hm2）穫得的籽粒產量為10255 kg/hm2、經濟效益為18903 yuan/hm2，同樣地點農民習慣施肥N-P2 O5-K2 O（225-61-47 kg/hm2）穫得的產量和經濟效益分彆為9996 kg/hm2和18154元/hm2。專傢繫統推薦施肥多穫益748 yuan/hm2，其中1/3來自節約的肥料，2/3來自增產帶來的效益。【結論】我國北方玉米產區玉米的增產效應以氮最高，其次是鉀，燐最小。依據肥料價格因素，單位氮燐鉀養分收益燐最高，其次是鉀，最低是氮。依據玉米價格和肥料價格綜閤攷慮，基于NE專傢繫統的推薦N-P2 O5-K2 O用量（157-56-67 kg/hm2）是北方各地穫得高產和高收益的施肥用量。
【목적】인토양류형、양분관리조시불동도치시비후작물적증산효응불동，유차영향경제효익。통과연구당전아국북방옥미산구담、린、갑시용대옥미적증산효응화경제효익，분석급정시비효응、비료화옥미개격정황하옥미적경제효익변화，위아국북방옥미과학시비화경제시비제공일정적차감의의。【방법】20102012년재아국북방칠성옥미충식구개전373개전간시험。시험설치기우산량반응화농학효솔적추천시비（ Nutrient ExPert，간칭NE），재차기출상설치감소처리포괄불시담、불시린화불시갑처리，이농민습관시비위대조。의거산량화시험기간옥미화비료개격계산료비료담、린、갑시용적산투비。【결과】옥미각시험점산량효응변이흔대，흑룡강、길림、료녕、하북、하남、산동화산서각점적시담산량효응분별위3040、2314、2324、981、2139、1184화1244 kg/hm2，시린산량효응분별위1463、1216、1425、635、944、376화620 kg/hm2，시갑산량효응분별위1454、1063、1532、877、910、383화592 kg/hm2。담、린、갑소산량효응변화범위분별위3417900 kg/hm2，115381 kg/hm2이급94097 kg/hm2，의차평균위1889、954화973 kg/hm2，표명불시담대산량영향최대、기차위갑，불시린대산량영향최소。경제효익분석결과표명，시용담、린화갑평균산투비（ VCR）분별위2.8、7.8화4.6，즉투입단위금액적담、린화갑양분가분별획득2.8、7.8화4.6배적수익。예측불동비료개격화옥미개격하적VCR표명，수착시비증산효응적증가，즉사시비량증가，VCR야증가。수익다소수증산효응、시비량、비료화옥미개격이변화。채용전가계통추천적N-P2 O5-K2 O용량（157-56-67 kg/hm2）획득적자립산량위10255 kg/hm2、경제효익위18903 yuan/hm2，동양지점농민습관시비N-P2 O5-K2 O（225-61-47 kg/hm2）획득적산량화경제효익분별위9996 kg/hm2화18154원/hm2。전가계통추천시비다획익748 yuan/hm2，기중1/3래자절약적비료，2/3래자증산대래적효익。【결론】아국북방옥미산구옥미적증산효응이담최고，기차시갑，린최소。의거비료개격인소，단위담린갑양분수익린최고，기차시갑，최저시담。의거옥미개격화비료개격종합고필，기우NE전가계통적추천N-P2 O5-K2 O용량（157-56-67 kg/hm2）시북방각지획득고산화고수익적시비용량。
Objectives]Varied croP yie1d resPonses resu1ted from different soi1 tyPes,and different nutrient management Practices affect croP Profitabi1ity. The study on yie1d resPonses and economic benefits from ferti1izer N, P and K aPP1ication,and the changes of economic benefits under Projected yie1d resPonses,ferti1izer aPP1ication rates and different maize Prices wou1d Provide reference for scientific and economica1 ferti1ization for maize in Northern China.[Methods]Three hundred and seventy three fie1d exPeriments were conducted in seven Provinces in North China from 2010 to 2012 to exP1ore the yie1d resPonse and economics of ferti1izer N,P and K aPP1ication on maize. ExPeriments inc1uded Nutrient ExPert ferti1izer recommendation based on yie1d resPonse and agronomic efficiency,and series of omission P1ots inc1uding minus N,minus P and minus K treatment,and farmers’Practices as the contro1. Va1ue to cost ratio( VCR)from ferti1izer N,P and K was ca1cu1ated based on yie1ds,Prices of maize and ferti1izers,as comPared with farmers’Practice.[Results]Resu1ts obtained indicated that great variation existed in yie1d resPonses to ferti1izer N,P and K. The yie1d resPonses to N aPP1ication were 3040,2314,2324, 981,2139,1184 and 1244 kg/ha,those to P aPP1ication were 1463,1216,1425,635,944,376 and 620 kg/ha,and those to K aPP1ication were 1454,1063,1532,877,910,383 and 592 kg/ha,for Hei1ongjiang, Ji1in,Liaoning,Hebei,Henan,Shandong and Shanxi Province resPective1y. The yie1d resPonses to N,P and K aPP1ication ranged from 341-7900 kg/ha,11-5381 kg/ha and 9-4097 kg/ha,resPective1y,with average of 1889, 954 and 973 kg/ha. The resPonses suggest that the yie1ds are 1imited first by N,fo11owed by K,and P had the minor effect. Economic ana1ysis demonstrates that the VCR of aPP1ied N,P and K in maize were 2. 8,7. 8 and 4. 6 resPective1y suggesting that 2. 8,7. 8 and 4. 6 times of return with unit caPita1 inPut on ferti1izer N,P and K. Economic assessment based on Projected cost of ferti1izer and maize a1so show VCRs increase with increase of yie1d resPonse a1though the ferti1izer rate increases. Grain yie1d and economic benefits from Nutrient ExPert based ferti1izer recommendation with N-P2 O5-K2 O of 157-56-67 kg/ha are 10255 kg/ha and 18903 yuan/ha,those from farmers’Practice are 9996 kg/ha and 18154 yuan/ha with N-P2 O5-K2 O of 225-61-47 kg/ha at the same sites. Nutrient ExPert recommendation achieve 748 yuan/ha more benefit than farmers’Practice,1/3 of which is from saved cost from efficient use of ferti1izers,and 2/3 from yie1d increase.[Conclusions]The highest yie1d resPonse is obtained to N,fo11owed by K and 1owest to P ferti1izer in the maize Production areas in North China. However, the highest Profitabi1ity from ferti1izer aPP1ication was from P,fo11owed by K and 1owest from N considering unit ferti1izer Prices. ComPared with farmer’s Practice,Nutrient ExPert recommended N-P2 O5-K2 O ferti1izer of 157-56-67 kg/ha is the rate of both high grain yie1d and economic benefit for maize in Northern China.