植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
6期
1338-1348
,共11页
吴中伟%樊高琼%王秀芳%郑亭%陈溢%李金刚%郭翔
吳中偉%樊高瓊%王秀芳%鄭亭%陳溢%李金剛%郭翔
오중위%번고경%왕수방%정정%진일%리금강%곽상
带状种植小麦%施氮量%施氮方式%产量%氮素利用效率%氮残留
帶狀種植小麥%施氮量%施氮方式%產量%氮素利用效率%氮殘留
대상충식소맥%시담량%시담방식%산량%담소이용효솔%담잔류
striP-re1ay-intercroPPing wheat%nitrogen 1eve1%nitrogen aPP1ication Pattern%grain yie1d%N use efficiency%nitrogen residues in the soi1
【目的】带状种植是四川小麦的典型种植方式,主要分布在丘陵旱地,与玉米构成“小麦/玉米”复合种植系统。本文通过两年大田试验研究了不同氮肥用量和生育期分配比例对四川丘陵旱地带状种植小麦氮素吸收累积、分配与转运的影响,以及氮素利用效率和土壤氮残留问题,筛选适合于该地区带状种植小麦的适宜氮肥用量和分配比例,为生产应用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】试验在四川省仁寿县进行,试验材料为四川主推品种川麦42,带状种植(即2 m为一带,种5行小麦,行距20 cm,小麦幅宽80 cm,预留行1.2 m),2BSF-4-5A型谷物播种机播种,密度150 x104P1ant/hm2。试验采用二因素裂区设计,施氮量为主区,设N 90(N1)、135(N2)、180(N3)、225(N4)kg/hm24个水平;生育期分配比例为裂区,设基肥一次性施入(R1)、底肥:苗肥=7:3(R2)、底肥:拔节肥=7:3(R3)和底肥:苗肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2(R4)4个水平,并以不施肥(CK)为对照。【结果】1)施用氮肥后收获期地上部植株总吸氮量显著提高,开花期植株各营养器官氮素积累量、成熟期叶和茎鞘中氮素残留量以及转运氮的贡献率均随施氮量的增加而增加,而花后氮素同化量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率随施氮量增加呈先增后降的趋势,在施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2时达最大。底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有利于提高花后氮素同化量及其对籽粒氮贡献率,而底肥:苗肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2的施氮方式有效地促进了花前贮存氮素向籽粒转移,同时也增加了成熟期氮素在营养器官中的残留,降低了氮素在籽粒中的分配比例;2)氮利用效率和植株氮生产力均随施氮量的增加而降低,土壤中残留的全氮、NO3--N及NH4+-N含量则随施氮量的增加而增加;在施氮量较高( N 180225 kg/ hm2)的条件下,底肥一次施极大地增加了土壤中氮的残留,且随施氮量增加,拔节期一次性追肥土壤中氮残留也增加,氮肥分次追施和加大分配比例能够有效降低土壤中的氮素残留;3)在四川丘陵旱地套作条件下,施氮量和籽粒产量的关系可用二次曲线方程来拟合,平均每生产100 kg 籽粒需N 3.6 kg;施氮量为180 kg/ hm2、分配比例为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时籽粒产量最高,可达4800 kg/ hm2(第二年4706 kg/ hm2),较CK 增产27.6%(第二年增产25.6%)。【结论】综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、氮吸收利用特性以及土壤中残留氮量,在保证获得较高小麦产量(4650 kg/ hm2以上)的前提下,应适当减少氮肥用量,采取氮肥后移及分次施用的方式。本试验条件下带状种植小麦推荐的氮肥用量为N 135180 kg/ hm2,分配比例为底肥:拔节肥=7:3。
【目的】帶狀種植是四川小麥的典型種植方式,主要分佈在丘陵旱地,與玉米構成“小麥/玉米”複閤種植繫統。本文通過兩年大田試驗研究瞭不同氮肥用量和生育期分配比例對四川丘陵旱地帶狀種植小麥氮素吸收纍積、分配與轉運的影響,以及氮素利用效率和土壤氮殘留問題,篩選適閤于該地區帶狀種植小麥的適宜氮肥用量和分配比例,為生產應用提供理論和技術依據。【方法】試驗在四川省仁壽縣進行,試驗材料為四川主推品種川麥42,帶狀種植(即2 m為一帶,種5行小麥,行距20 cm,小麥幅寬80 cm,預留行1.2 m),2BSF-4-5A型穀物播種機播種,密度150 x104P1ant/hm2。試驗採用二因素裂區設計,施氮量為主區,設N 90(N1)、135(N2)、180(N3)、225(N4)kg/hm24箇水平;生育期分配比例為裂區,設基肥一次性施入(R1)、底肥:苗肥=7:3(R2)、底肥:拔節肥=7:3(R3)和底肥:苗肥:拔節肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2(R4)4箇水平,併以不施肥(CK)為對照。【結果】1)施用氮肥後收穫期地上部植株總吸氮量顯著提高,開花期植株各營養器官氮素積纍量、成熟期葉和莖鞘中氮素殘留量以及轉運氮的貢獻率均隨施氮量的增加而增加,而花後氮素同化量及其對籽粒氮的貢獻率隨施氮量增加呈先增後降的趨勢,在施氮量為N 135 kg/hm2時達最大。底肥:拔節肥=7:3的施氮方式有利于提高花後氮素同化量及其對籽粒氮貢獻率,而底肥:苗肥:拔節肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2的施氮方式有效地促進瞭花前貯存氮素嚮籽粒轉移,同時也增加瞭成熟期氮素在營養器官中的殘留,降低瞭氮素在籽粒中的分配比例;2)氮利用效率和植株氮生產力均隨施氮量的增加而降低,土壤中殘留的全氮、NO3--N及NH4+-N含量則隨施氮量的增加而增加;在施氮量較高( N 180225 kg/ hm2)的條件下,底肥一次施極大地增加瞭土壤中氮的殘留,且隨施氮量增加,拔節期一次性追肥土壤中氮殘留也增加,氮肥分次追施和加大分配比例能夠有效降低土壤中的氮素殘留;3)在四川丘陵旱地套作條件下,施氮量和籽粒產量的關繫可用二次麯線方程來擬閤,平均每生產100 kg 籽粒需N 3.6 kg;施氮量為180 kg/ hm2、分配比例為底肥:拔節肥=7:3時籽粒產量最高,可達4800 kg/ hm2(第二年4706 kg/ hm2),較CK 增產27.6%(第二年增產25.6%)。【結論】綜閤攷慮小麥籽粒產量、氮吸收利用特性以及土壤中殘留氮量,在保證穫得較高小麥產量(4650 kg/ hm2以上)的前提下,應適噹減少氮肥用量,採取氮肥後移及分次施用的方式。本試驗條件下帶狀種植小麥推薦的氮肥用量為N 135180 kg/ hm2,分配比例為底肥:拔節肥=7:3。
【목적】대상충식시사천소맥적전형충식방식,주요분포재구릉한지,여옥미구성“소맥/옥미”복합충식계통。본문통과량년대전시험연구료불동담비용량화생육기분배비례대사천구릉한지대상충식소맥담소흡수루적、분배여전운적영향,이급담소이용효솔화토양담잔류문제,사선괄합우해지구대상충식소맥적괄의담비용량화분배비례,위생산응용제공이론화기술의거。【방법】시험재사천성인수현진행,시험재료위사천주추품충천맥42,대상충식(즉2 m위일대,충5행소맥,행거20 cm,소맥폭관80 cm,예류행1.2 m),2BSF-4-5A형곡물파충궤파충,밀도150 x104P1ant/hm2。시험채용이인소렬구설계,시담량위주구,설N 90(N1)、135(N2)、180(N3)、225(N4)kg/hm24개수평;생육기분배비례위렬구,설기비일차성시입(R1)、저비:묘비=7:3(R2)、저비:발절비=7:3(R3)화저비:묘비:발절비:잉수비=5:1:2:2(R4)4개수평,병이불시비(CK)위대조。【결과】1)시용담비후수획기지상부식주총흡담량현저제고,개화기식주각영양기관담소적루량、성숙기협화경초중담소잔류량이급전운담적공헌솔균수시담량적증가이증가,이화후담소동화량급기대자립담적공헌솔수시담량증가정선증후강적추세,재시담량위N 135 kg/hm2시체최대。저비:발절비=7:3적시담방식유리우제고화후담소동화량급기대자립담공헌솔,이저비:묘비:발절비:잉수비=5:1:2:2적시담방식유효지촉진료화전저존담소향자립전이,동시야증가료성숙기담소재영양기관중적잔류,강저료담소재자립중적분배비례;2)담이용효솔화식주담생산력균수시담량적증가이강저,토양중잔류적전담、NO3--N급NH4+-N함량칙수시담량적증가이증가;재시담량교고( N 180225 kg/ hm2)적조건하,저비일차시겁대지증가료토양중담적잔류,차수시담량증가,발절기일차성추비토양중담잔류야증가,담비분차추시화가대분배비례능구유효강저토양중적담소잔류;3)재사천구릉한지투작조건하,시담량화자립산량적관계가용이차곡선방정래의합,평균매생산100 kg 자립수N 3.6 kg;시담량위180 kg/ hm2、분배비례위저비:발절비=7:3시자립산량최고,가체4800 kg/ hm2(제이년4706 kg/ hm2),교CK 증산27.6%(제이년증산25.6%)。【결론】종합고필소맥자립산량、담흡수이용특성이급토양중잔류담량,재보증획득교고소맥산량(4650 kg/ hm2이상)적전제하,응괄당감소담비용량,채취담비후이급분차시용적방식。본시험조건하대상충식소맥추천적담비용량위N 135180 kg/ hm2,분배비례위저비:발절비=7:3。
Abstract:[Objectives]StriP-re1ay-intercroPPing is a c1assic wheat Production Pattern in Sichuan,which main1y distributes in uP1and of hi11y areas,with corn constituting as wheat/ corn comP1ex P1anting system. In this study,a two-year fie1d exPeriment was carried out to study effects of nitrogen(N)ferti1izer 1eve1s and aPP1ication stage on N accumu1ation,distribution and transPortation,N usage and its residua1 in soi1,Providing scientifica1 suPPort for the wheat Production in the tested area.[Methods]Chuanmai 42,a major wheat cu1tivar in 1oca1 Production,was used as materia1,a two-year fie1d exPeriment was carried out in Renshou county,Sichuan Province. SPi1t-P1ot exPeriment was designed,the main-P1ot was N aPP1ication rate in four 1eve1s(90,135,180 and 225 kg/ ha),and the sub-P1ot was N distribution with the ratio of base ferti1izer,seed1ing ferti1izer,jointing ferti1izer and booting ferti1izer in four 1eve1s(10 : 0 : 0 : 0,7 : 3 : 0 : 0,7 : 0 : 3 : 0,5 : 1 : 2 : 2),and no ferti1izer( CK)as contro1.[Results]1)The tota1 N accumu1ation of aboveground P1ants at the maturity are increased significant1y with the aPP1ication of nitrogen ferti1izer. The N accumu1ation amounts in vegetative organs at the f1owering as we11 as in 1eaves and stems at the maturity are increased with the increase of N 1eve1s,and the contribution rate of trans1ocated N to grain exhibits the same tendency. The N assimi1ation and the contribution rate to grain at the Post-anthesis are increased first and then dec1ined with the increase of N 1eve1s,Peaking at the N rate of 135 kg/ ha. Simu1taneous1y, the N assimi1ation at the Post-anthesis and the contribution rate to grain are imProved effective1y by the dressing ratio of 7 : 3(base ferti1izer: jointing ferti1izer). On other hand,the N aPP1ication with dressing ratio of 5 : 1 : 2 : 2 ( base ferti1izer : seed1ing ferti1izer : jointing ferti1izer : earing ferti1izer)effective1y Promotes the trans1ocation of storage nitrogen before the anthesis from vegetative organs to grain,increases the residua1 nitrogen in vegetative organs at the maturity,and decreases the a11ocation ProPortion of nitrogen in grain. 2)With the increase of nitrogen 1eve1s,the N use efficiency and N Productivity of wheat are decreased,whi1e the contents of tota1 N,NO- 3 -N and NH+ 4 -N in soi1 are increased. Tota1 basa1 aPP1ication or toP dressing at the e1ongation stage significant1y raise N residues in soi1 when N aPP1ication rates are N 180-225 kg/ ha,whereas the sP1it dressing and higher dressing ratio cou1d mediate this Prob1em. 3)The re1ationshiP between the N aPP1ication rate and grain yie1d can be i11ustrated by a quadratic fitting,i. e. Per 100 kg grain needs 3. 6 kg nitrogen in average. The highest grain yie1d of 4800 kg/ ha (The fo11owing year,4706 kg/ ha)is obtained under this nitrogen strategy in which nitrogen 1eve1 is 180 kg/ ha with the dressing ratio of 7 : 3(base ferti1izer: jointing ferti1izer),which cou1d bring 25. 6% additiona1 yie1d comPared with contro1.[Conclusions]ComPrehensive1y ansidering the grain yie1d,N use characteristics and N residues in soi1,under the Prerequisite of over 4650 kg/ ha yie1d guaranteed,N aPP1ication rate shou1d be ProPer1y decreased and adoPt backward and sP1it aPP1ication Pattern. In our case,N aPP1ication rate of 135-180 kg/ ha,basa1 to devessing at the e1ongation stage of 7 : 3 is the recommended.