植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
6期
1497-1504
,共8页
关大伟%李力%岳现录%马鸣超%张武%李俊
關大偉%李力%嶽現錄%馬鳴超%張武%李俊
관대위%리력%악현록%마명초%장무%리준
大豆%15 N自然丰度法%生物固氮效率%生物固氮量
大豆%15 N自然豐度法%生物固氮效率%生物固氮量
대두%15 N자연봉도법%생물고담효솔%생물고담량
soybean%15 N natura1 abundance method%efficiency of bio1ogica1 nitrogen fixation%amount of bio1ogica1 nitrogen fixation
【目的】根瘤菌与大豆共生结瘤固氮是大豆的重要氮素来源之一,而我国在大豆生产中普遍过量使用化学氮肥,不仅增加了生产成本,而且严重抑制了大豆的生物固氮效率。因此在生产中充分发挥生物固氮作用、合理施用化学氮肥、降低大豆生产成本是我国发展大豆产业的重要措施,本文对我国大豆主产区生物固氮潜力及其分布特征进行了研究,旨在了解不施氮肥条件下不同大豆产区生物固氮的最大供氮能力,为大豆的合理施肥和充分发挥生物固氮作用提供理论依据。【方法】采用15 N自然丰度法,在2011年和2012年测定了在不施用氮肥条件下我国4个大豆主产区包括黑河、大庆、长春、铁岭、济宁、延安、南宁等7个试验点在内的大豆生物固氮效率、生物固氮量及其对产量的贡献。15 N自然丰度法的原理是利用非固氮参照作物从土壤中吸收的15 N丰度高于固氮植物,根据两者的15 N自然丰度差异估算出固氮植物的生物固氮率。所选的非固氮参照作物必须同大豆生长季一致,并且各试验点选用同一种非固氮植物以保证各地数据的可比性。通过查阅文献,有研究使用玉米作为参照作物,并且符合上述要求,因此本研究选择玉米作为非固氮参照作物。【结果】在不施氮肥条件下,我国大豆在正常降水年份的生物固氮效率为47%70%,其中铁岭最高为60%70%,黑河最低为47%54%;大豆的生物固氮量在N 92150 kg/hm2之间变化,其中籽粒中的生物固氮量占总固氮量的65%81%,生物固氮量最高的试验点为长春,最低的试验点为延安;生物固氮对产量的贡献在10391867 kg/hm2之间,其中最高的试验点为长春,最低的试验点为延安;在延安试验点苗期开花期极度干旱的2011年,大豆缺水严重抑制了根瘤菌的数量和固氮酶的活性,其生物固氮效率、固氮量及对产量的贡献均达极低水平,分别为15%和N 24 kg/hm2和245 kg/hm2。【结论】我国大豆不同主产区的生物固氮潜力存在较大差异,并且具有明显的分布规律。生物固氮效率以温带的铁岭为最高,向北至寒温带的黑河、向南到亚热带的南宁均呈现逐渐降低的趋势。受种植密度等因素的影响,大豆生物固氮量及其对产量贡献的分布规律与生物固氮效率不完全一致,其中东北地区最高,其次是济宁和南宁,延安最低。
【目的】根瘤菌與大豆共生結瘤固氮是大豆的重要氮素來源之一,而我國在大豆生產中普遍過量使用化學氮肥,不僅增加瞭生產成本,而且嚴重抑製瞭大豆的生物固氮效率。因此在生產中充分髮揮生物固氮作用、閤理施用化學氮肥、降低大豆生產成本是我國髮展大豆產業的重要措施,本文對我國大豆主產區生物固氮潛力及其分佈特徵進行瞭研究,旨在瞭解不施氮肥條件下不同大豆產區生物固氮的最大供氮能力,為大豆的閤理施肥和充分髮揮生物固氮作用提供理論依據。【方法】採用15 N自然豐度法,在2011年和2012年測定瞭在不施用氮肥條件下我國4箇大豆主產區包括黑河、大慶、長春、鐵嶺、濟寧、延安、南寧等7箇試驗點在內的大豆生物固氮效率、生物固氮量及其對產量的貢獻。15 N自然豐度法的原理是利用非固氮參照作物從土壤中吸收的15 N豐度高于固氮植物,根據兩者的15 N自然豐度差異估算齣固氮植物的生物固氮率。所選的非固氮參照作物必鬚同大豆生長季一緻,併且各試驗點選用同一種非固氮植物以保證各地數據的可比性。通過查閱文獻,有研究使用玉米作為參照作物,併且符閤上述要求,因此本研究選擇玉米作為非固氮參照作物。【結果】在不施氮肥條件下,我國大豆在正常降水年份的生物固氮效率為47%70%,其中鐵嶺最高為60%70%,黑河最低為47%54%;大豆的生物固氮量在N 92150 kg/hm2之間變化,其中籽粒中的生物固氮量佔總固氮量的65%81%,生物固氮量最高的試驗點為長春,最低的試驗點為延安;生物固氮對產量的貢獻在10391867 kg/hm2之間,其中最高的試驗點為長春,最低的試驗點為延安;在延安試驗點苗期開花期極度榦旱的2011年,大豆缺水嚴重抑製瞭根瘤菌的數量和固氮酶的活性,其生物固氮效率、固氮量及對產量的貢獻均達極低水平,分彆為15%和N 24 kg/hm2和245 kg/hm2。【結論】我國大豆不同主產區的生物固氮潛力存在較大差異,併且具有明顯的分佈規律。生物固氮效率以溫帶的鐵嶺為最高,嚮北至寒溫帶的黑河、嚮南到亞熱帶的南寧均呈現逐漸降低的趨勢。受種植密度等因素的影響,大豆生物固氮量及其對產量貢獻的分佈規律與生物固氮效率不完全一緻,其中東北地區最高,其次是濟寧和南寧,延安最低。
【목적】근류균여대두공생결류고담시대두적중요담소래원지일,이아국재대두생산중보편과량사용화학담비,불부증가료생산성본,이차엄중억제료대두적생물고담효솔。인차재생산중충분발휘생물고담작용、합리시용화학담비、강저대두생산성본시아국발전대두산업적중요조시,본문대아국대두주산구생물고담잠력급기분포특정진행료연구,지재료해불시담비조건하불동대두산구생물고담적최대공담능력,위대두적합리시비화충분발휘생물고담작용제공이론의거。【방법】채용15 N자연봉도법,재2011년화2012년측정료재불시용담비조건하아국4개대두주산구포괄흑하、대경、장춘、철령、제저、연안、남저등7개시험점재내적대두생물고담효솔、생물고담량급기대산량적공헌。15 N자연봉도법적원리시이용비고담삼조작물종토양중흡수적15 N봉도고우고담식물,근거량자적15 N자연봉도차이고산출고담식물적생물고담솔。소선적비고담삼조작물필수동대두생장계일치,병차각시험점선용동일충비고담식물이보증각지수거적가비성。통과사열문헌,유연구사용옥미작위삼조작물,병차부합상술요구,인차본연구선택옥미작위비고담삼조작물。【결과】재불시담비조건하,아국대두재정상강수년빈적생물고담효솔위47%70%,기중철령최고위60%70%,흑하최저위47%54%;대두적생물고담량재N 92150 kg/hm2지간변화,기중자립중적생물고담량점총고담량적65%81%,생물고담량최고적시험점위장춘,최저적시험점위연안;생물고담대산량적공헌재10391867 kg/hm2지간,기중최고적시험점위장춘,최저적시험점위연안;재연안시험점묘기개화기겁도간한적2011년,대두결수엄중억제료근류균적수량화고담매적활성,기생물고담효솔、고담량급대산량적공헌균체겁저수평,분별위15%화N 24 kg/hm2화245 kg/hm2。【결론】아국대두불동주산구적생물고담잠력존재교대차이,병차구유명현적분포규률。생물고담효솔이온대적철령위최고,향북지한온대적흑하、향남도아열대적남저균정현축점강저적추세。수충식밀도등인소적영향,대두생물고담량급기대산량공헌적분포규률여생물고담효솔불완전일치,기중동북지구최고,기차시제저화남저,연안최저。
Objectives]Bio1ogica1 nitrogen fixation( BNF)is one of the imPortant sources of nitrogen for soybean. Excessive N ferti1izer inhibites the efficiencies of BNF and increases the cost of soybean Production in China. Understanding the N-fixtion caPacity of BNF without N ferti1izer inPut in different soybean P1anting regions in China is the key for reasonab1e N ferti1ization. For the reason we investigated Potentia1 of BNF and its distribution characteristics in this PaPer.[Methods]The method of 15 N natura1 abundance was emP1oyed to determine the BNF efficiency in 2011-2012 , the amounts of BNF and their contributions to the grain yie1d under no nitrogen ferti1ization conditions in 4 soybean Producing regions of China,inc1udeding Heihe,Daqing,Changchun,Tie1ing, Jining,Yan’an and Nanning city. This technique is based on PrinciP1e that the 15 N natura1 abundance of the reference P1ant which on1y obtains N from soi1 is higher than that of N2-fixing 1egume,then the difference can be interPreted quantitative1y to assess contribution of BNF. The reference P1ant must have same growth season with soybean,and it is a1so the same P1ant in different exPerimenta1 sites to ensure comParabi1ity of data. Maize which met above requirements was se1ected as the reference P1ant in this study.[Results]In norma1 rainfa11 years,the variation of the soybean BNF efficiency of different sites is observed between 47% -70%. The 1owest BNF efficiency is at Heihe and highest at Tie1ing. The amounts of BNF are in the range of N 92-150 kg/ha with the 1owest in Yan’an and the highest in Changchun,and their fixed N amounts in grain account for 65% -81%. The contribution rates of BNF to grain yie1ds are 1039-1867 kg/ha with the 1owest in Yan ’an and the highest in Changchun. In the Yan’an site,serious drought aPPeared before the f1owering stage in 2011,the number of nodu1e and the nitrogen-fixzation activity were intense1y inhibited,causing the decreases of the BNF efficiency. The efficiency,amount of BNF and the contribution rate to grain yie1d were decreased to 15%,N 24 kg/ha and 245 kg/ha resPective1y.[Conclusions]The findings above indicate that there are differences in the Potentia1 of BNF among the soybean P1anting regions,and a1so have obvious distribution characteristics. The BNF efficiencies gradua11y decrease from Tie1ing( temPerate zone)northwards to Heihe( co1d temPerate zone)and southwards to Nanning( subtroPica1 zone). Due to various P1anting densities and other factors in different sites,the variation of the amounts of BNF and their contribution to grain yie1ds are the highest in Northeast China,midd1e in Jining and Nanning and the 1owest in Yan’an.