CAJ | 학술논문

近年来，随着气候变化影响的不断加剧，农业发展也正承受着强大的生态环境压力的胁迫，严重威胁到粮食安全及农业的可持续发展。当今农业依托现代化生产技术虽在短期内可以有效降低甚至避免环境胁迫对农业生产的限制和影响，但是，从长期及系统角度考虑也给农业生态系统带来了许多生态危机。为实现农业可持续发展，环境胁迫应对措施必须充分考虑生态保护这一重要前提。农业文化遗产地的传统农业系统依托其独特的农业系统结构，包括土地利用方式、水利设施、传统作物等，较好实现了农业系统与当地自然条件尤其是胁迫因子之间的匹配。基于灾害系统理论，对比分析了农业文化遗产地农业系统及普通农业系统的环境胁迫应对措施。敖汉旱作农业系统（2012年被联合国粮农组织列为全球重要农业文化遗产）的种植结构以与当地水分条件匹配较好的谷黍等耐旱型作物为主，通过降低承灾体（农作物）的脆弱性，较好地在承灾体一环实现了防灾减灾的目的，实现了干旱半干旱地区农业生产与缺水环境的共存。云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统（2010年被联合国粮农组织列为全球重要农业文化遗产）依托于独特的水土利用方式和林—寨—田—河垂直分布的景观格局，通过重塑孕灾环境，有效避免了旱灾的发生。此外，农业文化遗产地传统农业系统凭借丰富的田间作物多样性、遗产地品牌效应及农业景观资源等，极大地提升了农业系统的经济价值，进而削弱了灾害对生产生活的影响。通过对比分析可见，传统农业系统的胁迫因子应对措施充分考虑了系统的自然调节和自发性，既可较好地避免灾害的发生，又保证了系统生态安全，是立足生态保护基础上实现农业可持续发展的典范。
근년래，수착기후변화영향적불단가극，농업발전야정승수착강대적생태배경압력적협박，엄중위협도양식안전급농업적가지속발전。당금농업의탁현대화생산기술수재단기내가이유효강저심지피면배경협박대농업생산적한제화영향，단시，종장기급계통각도고필야급농업생태계통대래료허다생태위궤。위실현농업가지속발전，배경협박응대조시필수충분고필생태보호저일중요전제。농업문화유산지적전통농업계통의탁기독특적농업계통결구，포괄토지이용방식、수리설시、전통작물등，교호실현료농업계통여당지자연조건우기시협박인자지간적필배。기우재해계통이론，대비분석료농업문화유산지농업계통급보통농업계통적배경협박응대조시。오한한작농업계통（2012년피연합국량농조직렬위전구중요농업문화유산）적충식결구이여당지수분조건필배교호적곡서등내한형작물위주，통과강저승재체（농작물）적취약성，교호지재승재체일배실현료방재감재적목적，실현료간한반간한지구농업생산여결수배경적공존。운남홍하합니도작제전계통（2010년피연합국량농조직렬위전구중요농업문화유산）의탁우독특적수토이용방식화림—채—전—하수직분포적경관격국，통과중소잉재배경，유효피면료한재적발생。차외，농업문화유산지전통농업계통빙차봉부적전간작물다양성、유산지품패효응급농업경관자원등，겁대지제승료농업계통적경제개치，진이삭약료재해대생산생활적영향。통과대비분석가견，전통농업계통적협박인자응대조시충분고필료계통적자연조절화자발성，기가교호지피면재해적발생，우보증료계통생태안전，시립족생태보호기출상실현농업가지속발전적전범。
In recent years, with climate change, many agricultural systems are facing severe environmental stress, which are seriously threatening the food security and sustainable development of agricultural system. Although mainstream agro-system can effectively reduce the adverse agro-production effect rapidly by using modern technology, but many of them bring serious ecological crisis at the same time. For the sustainable development of agro-systems, the stress mitigation options must give full consideration to ecological protection. The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) sites, relying on its unique land use, water conservancy facilities, traditional crops, etc., form unique production system creating a better match with local natural conditions. Based on disaster mitigation system theory and practice, this paper analyzes environmental stress counter-measures of several GIAHS sites in China. The water requirement of milet, a drought-tolerant crop in Aohan Dryland Farming System (recognized as a GIAHS pilot site in 2012), has a better match with local water conditions. By reducing vulnerability of crops, agriculture survived healthily in semi-arid regions. Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System (recognized as a GIAHS pilot site in 2010), relying on the unique land and water use patterns, has successfully reshape disaster inducing environment, and effectively reduce the risk/effects of droughts. Besides, due to the high price, rich crop diversity and variety of income channel, the Agricultural Heritage sites can ensure the economic income and agro-system health when facing environmental stress. Stress counter-measures of traditional agricultural systems make full use of the regulation and spontaneity ability of the natural system, which is an important way to achieve sustainable development of ecological agriculture.