气象学报
氣象學報
기상학보
ACTA METEOROLOGICA SINICA
2014年
6期
1108-1117
,共10页
气溶胶化学成分%中国%各区域%气溶胶污染控制
氣溶膠化學成分%中國%各區域%氣溶膠汙染控製
기용효화학성분%중국%각구역%기용효오염공제
Aerosol chemical component%China%Various region%Aerosol pollution control
为获得中国不同区域大气气溶胶化学组成的总体“图景”，进一步探讨污染治理方向，需要分区域评估其化学成分浓度水平、组成与来源特征。通过对近地层中国内陆大气气溶胶中6种主要化学成分（硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵、有机碳、黑碳和矿物气溶胶）至少有1 a 观测研究的评估分析，获得不同区域气溶胶化学成分质量浓度水平与组成的评估结果，认识到在气溶胶污染最严重的4大区域（即北京以南的华北与关中平原区域、以长三角为主体的华东区域、以珠三角为主体的华南区域以及四川盆地）的 PM10中矿物气溶胶（所占比例在20％—38％）、硫酸盐（14％—24％）、有机碳（11％—18％）是3个主要组分；其中华北与关中平原气溶胶污染在中国最重，硫酸盐浓度在35—47μg／m3（远高于北京（13—18μg／m3））、有机碳28—45μg／m3（约是北京（19—22μg／m3）的1?8倍）、硝酸盐19—22μg／m3（约是北京（9?9—12μg／m3）的2倍）、铵14—16μg／m3（仍然比北京（6?2—8?4μg／m3）高1倍），黑碳在北京和北京以南城市的浓度差别不大（9?1—12μg／m3）。这其中燃煤对硝酸盐和有机碳气溶胶的贡献超过50％，农业活动是铵的最重要来源。华东、华南和东北城市区域气溶胶化学成分浓度水平与北京相近，但四川盆地城市站各组分浓度均高于北京，污染较重。西北兰州城市站，除了黑碳浓度低很多、硝酸盐浓度稍高外，其他气溶胶化学成分浓度水平与北京相当。西北偏远区域沙漠站点，各种气溶胶化学成分的浓度都要远低于北京。青藏高原和云贵高原城市站气溶胶化学成分浓度与北京相比也明显偏低。不同区域气溶胶化学组成分析显示，燃煤、机动车、城市逸散性粉尘和农业活动是4个最需要关注的污染源，加强除发电行业外的燃煤脱硫，进一步消减燃煤氮氧化物、一次有机碳和挥发性有机物排放，并有效减少农业活动排放到大气中的氨，更有效限制硫酸盐和硝酸盐的形成是已有大气污染治理对策基础上，未来应特别关注的控制方向。
為穫得中國不同區域大氣氣溶膠化學組成的總體“圖景”，進一步探討汙染治理方嚮，需要分區域評估其化學成分濃度水平、組成與來源特徵。通過對近地層中國內陸大氣氣溶膠中6種主要化學成分（硫痠鹽、硝痠鹽、銨、有機碳、黑碳和礦物氣溶膠）至少有1 a 觀測研究的評估分析，穫得不同區域氣溶膠化學成分質量濃度水平與組成的評估結果，認識到在氣溶膠汙染最嚴重的4大區域（即北京以南的華北與關中平原區域、以長三角為主體的華東區域、以珠三角為主體的華南區域以及四川盆地）的 PM10中礦物氣溶膠（所佔比例在20％—38％）、硫痠鹽（14％—24％）、有機碳（11％—18％）是3箇主要組分；其中華北與關中平原氣溶膠汙染在中國最重，硫痠鹽濃度在35—47μg／m3（遠高于北京（13—18μg／m3））、有機碳28—45μg／m3（約是北京（19—22μg／m3）的1?8倍）、硝痠鹽19—22μg／m3（約是北京（9?9—12μg／m3）的2倍）、銨14—16μg／m3（仍然比北京（6?2—8?4μg／m3）高1倍），黑碳在北京和北京以南城市的濃度差彆不大（9?1—12μg／m3）。這其中燃煤對硝痠鹽和有機碳氣溶膠的貢獻超過50％，農業活動是銨的最重要來源。華東、華南和東北城市區域氣溶膠化學成分濃度水平與北京相近，但四川盆地城市站各組分濃度均高于北京，汙染較重。西北蘭州城市站，除瞭黑碳濃度低很多、硝痠鹽濃度稍高外，其他氣溶膠化學成分濃度水平與北京相噹。西北偏遠區域沙漠站點，各種氣溶膠化學成分的濃度都要遠低于北京。青藏高原和雲貴高原城市站氣溶膠化學成分濃度與北京相比也明顯偏低。不同區域氣溶膠化學組成分析顯示，燃煤、機動車、城市逸散性粉塵和農業活動是4箇最需要關註的汙染源，加彊除髮電行業外的燃煤脫硫，進一步消減燃煤氮氧化物、一次有機碳和揮髮性有機物排放，併有效減少農業活動排放到大氣中的氨，更有效限製硫痠鹽和硝痠鹽的形成是已有大氣汙染治理對策基礎上，未來應特彆關註的控製方嚮。
위획득중국불동구역대기기용효화학조성적총체“도경”，진일보탐토오염치리방향，수요분구역평고기화학성분농도수평、조성여래원특정。통과대근지층중국내륙대기기용효중6충주요화학성분（류산염、초산염、안、유궤탄、흑탄화광물기용효）지소유1 a 관측연구적평고분석，획득불동구역기용효화학성분질량농도수평여조성적평고결과，인식도재기용효오염최엄중적4대구역（즉북경이남적화북여관중평원구역、이장삼각위주체적화동구역、이주삼각위주체적화남구역이급사천분지）적 PM10중광물기용효（소점비례재20％—38％）、류산염（14％—24％）、유궤탄（11％—18％）시3개주요조분；기중화북여관중평원기용효오염재중국최중，류산염농도재35—47μg／m3（원고우북경（13—18μg／m3））、유궤탄28—45μg／m3（약시북경（19—22μg／m3）적1?8배）、초산염19—22μg／m3（약시북경（9?9—12μg／m3）적2배）、안14—16μg／m3（잉연비북경（6?2—8?4μg／m3）고1배），흑탄재북경화북경이남성시적농도차별불대（9?1—12μg／m3）。저기중연매대초산염화유궤탄기용효적공헌초과50％，농업활동시안적최중요래원。화동、화남화동북성시구역기용효화학성분농도수평여북경상근，단사천분지성시참각조분농도균고우북경，오염교중。서북란주성시참，제료흑탄농도저흔다、초산염농도초고외，기타기용효화학성분농도수평여북경상당。서북편원구역사막참점，각충기용효화학성분적농도도요원저우북경。청장고원화운귀고원성시참기용효화학성분농도여북경상비야명현편저。불동구역기용효화학조성분석현시，연매、궤동차、성시일산성분진화농업활동시4개최수요관주적오염원，가강제발전행업외적연매탈류，진일보소감연매담양화물、일차유궤탄화휘발성유궤물배방，병유효감소농업활동배방도대기중적안，경유효한제류산염화초산염적형성시이유대기오염치리대책기출상，미래응특별관주적공제방향。
In order to obtain the overall chemical “picture”of the aerosol pollution in the various regions of China and discuss the further direction of pollution control,we need to assess and evaluate the concentration level,chemical composition and their sources regionˉbyˉregion in China.Features of the chemical aerosol particles in China have been obtained,based on the analysis of the six major chemical components (sulfate,nitrate,ammonium,mineral aerosol,organic and element carbon)from the groundˉbased observation with all having at least oneˉyearˉlong measurements.The four most hazy regions of the nine regions with characteristics of synchronous changing in visibility within China are also identified,which are the region south of Beijing (also called the Huabei Plain and Guanzhong Plain);the eastern China region with the Yangtze River Delta as its main body;the south China region with the Pearl River Delta as its main body;and also the region of Sichuan Basin.Of the PM10 in China, three major components are accounted for 20%-38% of the total mass for mineral aerosol,14%-24% for sulfate,and 11%-18% for organic carbon.The heaviest aerosol pollution was found in the Huabei and Guanzhong Plain region,with the annual mean concentrations of 35-47 μg/m3 of sulfate (which was much higher than the urban Beijing level of 13 to 18 μg/m3 ),28-45 μg/m3 of organic carbon (about 1.8 factor higher than the Beijing level of 19 -22 μg/m3 ),19 -22 μg/m3 for nitrate (2 times higher than the Beijing level of 9.9-12 μg/m3 ),14-16 μg/m3 for ammonium (still one factor higher than the Beijing mean concentration of 6.2-8.4 μg/m3 ),and the 9.1-12 μg/m3 of elemental carbon which was similar with the level of Beiˉ jing.More than 50% mass of nitrate and organic carbon are attributable to coalˉcombustion,and the agricultural activity is the most important source for ammonium.In the urban areas of eastern,southern and northeastern China,the concentration levels of aerosol chemical components were similar to those in Beijing,but in the urban areas of the Sichuan Basin,the annual mean concentrations were higher than in Beijing,exhibiting heavy aerosol pollution there.In Lanzhou of northwestern China,the urˉ ban level concentrations of aerosol chemical components were also similar to that in Beijing,except for much lower concentraˉ tion in elemental carbon and bit higher concentration of nitrate observed.In the remote desert area of northwestern China,the chemical concentrations of aerosol particles were far lower than in Beijing,while it is also true for the Tibetan and Yuannanˉ Guizhou Plateau.Coalˉcombustion,motor vehicle,sources for urban fugitive dust and agricultural activities are found to be the four major pollution sources by the aerosol chemical composition analysis in the different regions.Therefore,the future control countermeasures of atmospheric aerosol pollutants should be directed to the following:strengthening coal desulfurization in adˉ dition to the power generation industry,further reducing coal produced emissions of NOx,organic carbon and its precursor gaˉ ses,and effectively reducing ammonia emissions from agricultural activity with effectively limiting the formation of secondary aerosol,especially for sulfate and nitrate.
