CAJ | 학술논문

足迹家族和行星边界都是国际可持续发展研究领域新近出现的热点概念。系统回顾了足迹家族和行星边界的概念缘起，首次提出了基于足迹家族和行星边界的环境可持续性概念及其评价框架。其中，足迹家族定义为：人类在自然资源消费和废弃物排放过程中占用的地球生态系统的再生和消纳能力；行星边界定义为：可供人类安全占用的地球生态系统的最大再生和消纳能力。由此，将环境可持续性定量描述为人类环境足迹小于或等于对应行星边界的情形，反之则为环境不可持续性。分析了该环境可持续性概念的6项基本特征：系统性、选择性、交互性、不确定性、尺度依赖性、赤字可权衡性。在此基础上，以全球30个主要国家为例，对提出的足迹家族-行星边界整合框架进行了实证应用。从与人类社会关系重大的环境问题入手，对各国在气候变化（碳排放）、水资源利用和土地利用3方面的环境可持续性进行了多维测度。结果显示：22国的碳排放呈现不可持续性，人均碳赤字最高为美国的26.1 t·a-1（以CO2当量计）；17国的水资源利用呈现不可持续性，人均水赤字最高为西班牙的1497.8 m3·a-1；15国的土地利用呈现不可持续性，人均土地赤字最高为荷兰的2.3 hm2·a-1。研究表明，碳排放的可持续性与社会经济发展水平关系密切，发达国家对气候变化的贡献明显大于发展中国家；水资源利用和土地利用的可持续性则更多地受各国人均资源禀赋制约。本研究对科学量化和比较不同国家的环境可持续性具有参考价值，该评价方法也适用于其他环境问题或国家以下尺度的核算分析。
족적가족화행성변계도시국제가지속발전연구영역신근출현적열점개념。계통회고료족적가족화행성변계적개념연기，수차제출료기우족적가족화행성변계적배경가지속성개념급기평개광가。기중，족적가족정의위：인류재자연자원소비화폐기물배방과정중점용적지구생태계통적재생화소납능력；행성변계정의위：가공인류안전점용적지구생태계통적최대재생화소납능력。유차，장배경가지속성정량묘술위인류배경족적소우혹등우대응행성변계적정형，반지칙위배경불가지속성。분석료해배경가지속성개념적6항기본특정：계통성、선택성、교호성、불학정성、척도의뢰성、적자가권형성。재차기출상，이전구30개주요국가위례，대제출적족적가족-행성변계정합광가진행료실증응용。종여인류사회관계중대적배경문제입수，대각국재기후변화（탄배방）、수자원이용화토지이용3방면적배경가지속성진행료다유측도。결과현시：22국적탄배방정현불가지속성，인균탄적자최고위미국적26.1 t·a-1（이CO2당량계）；17국적수자원이용정현불가지속성，인균수적자최고위서반아적1497.8 m3·a-1；15국적토지이용정현불가지속성，인균토지적자최고위하란적2.3 hm2·a-1。연구표명，탄배방적가지속성여사회경제발전수평관계밀절，발체국가대기후변화적공헌명현대우발전중국가；수자원이용화토지이용적가지속성칙경다지수각국인균자원품부제약。본연구대과학양화화비교불동국가적배경가지속성구유삼고개치，해평개방법야괄용우기타배경문제혹국가이하척도적핵산분석。
In recent years, the concepts of footprint family and planetary boundaries have both received considerable popularity in the field of sustainability science. By reviewing the conceptual roots of these two concepts, we argue that they are complements to each other and thus should be used collectively in assessing the environmental sustainability of the planet, nations, regions, etc. Building on the complementary nature of the footprint and boundary indicators, this paper proposes, for the first time, a framework for defining and assessing environmental sustainability from a novel point of view, in which the footprints and boundaries are measured and compared in a coherent manner. The footprint family is defined as a measure of the regenerative and absorptive capacity of the Earth’s ecosystems to satisfy mankind’s demand for natural resources and waste emissions. The planetary boundaries are defined as a measure of the Earth’s maximum regenerative and absorptive capacity that allows to define a safe operating space for humanity. As such, environmental sustainability can be simply defined as a safe state in which man’s environmental footprints are kept within the related planetary boundaries;otherwise it refers to environmental unsustainability. The environmental sustainability concept is featured by completeness, selectivity, interactivity, uncertainty, scale-dependence, and the negotiability of environmental deficit. The implications of the footprint-boundary integrated framework are illustrated by reference to the assessment and ranking of 30 major nations’ environmental sustainability with regard to carbon emissions (climate change), water use and land use. The results show that, in the case of carbon emissions, 22 nations are found to be unsustainable, of which the United States of America has the highest carbon deficit per capita of 26.1 t·a-1 (in CO2 equivalent). In the case of water use, Spain, which has a water deficit per capita of 1 497.8 m3·a-1, ranks the highest among the 17 nations that are found to be unsustainable. In the case of land use, the Dutch land deficit per capita (2.3 hm2·a-1) is significantly larger than that of other 14 nations which are classified as unsustainable. Our findings suggest that the sustainability of carbon emissions is in close relation to the nation’s level of social and economic development. The contribution of developed countries to global climate change, therefore, appears to be much higher than that of developing countries. The sustainability of water and land use is often driven by the average amount of water and land resource within the border of the nation that can be appropriated by an individual citizen. This paper provides a reference for quantifying and ranking the national performance on environmental sustainability. The framework established can also be applied to other environmental issues or at sub-national scales.