大坝与安全
大壩與安全
대패여안전
LARGE DAM & SAFETY
2014年
5期
65-71
,共7页
Eric. C. Halpin%崔弘毅(译)
Eric. C. Halpin%崔弘毅(譯)
Eric. C. Halpin%최홍의(역)
美国陆军工程师兵团%风险概念%基础设施%管理
美國陸軍工程師兵糰%風險概唸%基礎設施%管理
미국륙군공정사병단%풍험개념%기출설시%관리
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers%risk concept%infrastructure%management
2005~2013年期间,美国陆军工程师兵团将风险概念应用到了基础设施管理中,其间所获得的经验和观察成果可在该机构的三项关键组织要素中引起变革,即:政策、实践和管理。在使用风险概念之前,美国陆军工程师兵团安全项目(Corps Safety Programs)中采用传统方法设计了3000多个基础设施系统,但当需要回答有关“已建”基础设施的更基本和现时的问题时,传统方法的表现并不理想:(1)已建基础设施系统的未来随时间发展其性能如何,其影响要素是哪些;(2)在各种选择组合或项目层面,该怎样进行决策以达到最高性价比地管理风险;(3)在内部和外部,美国陆军工程师兵团的理解和决策怎样才能得到最好地沟通。在美国陆军工程师兵团的经验中,风险概念有效地回答了上述问题,并且在过程中得到了人们的信服。与传统方法相比,在基础设施管理中使用风险概念有三个主要益处:(1)为理解基础设施的预期性能和与性能相关的风险提供了一种一致和可靠的方法;(2)对选择具体的降低风险的措施,在选择组合(优先和紧急)层面和项目层面都能提高决策制定的质量;(3)可改善风险对话的基础和效率,这是风险管理中一个非常关键的要素。关于风险概念的应用,美国陆军工程师兵团有许多经验教训可以与大家分享,包括早期和适当使用风险结果的权力;如何设计新的管理架构来支持风险概念的融合;风险与传统确定性工程实践的互补特性;在后果评估和新的“超级全能王”角色中打造新能力的重要性;将努力程度与将要进行的决策相匹配的需要;潜在溃坝模式分析和临时降低风险措施的重要性。未来的风险概念包括承诺将现有的基础设施对话转换成另一种模式,即关于大坝为所在区域的社会带来的许多益处和价值的讨论与风险相平衡。
2005~2013年期間,美國陸軍工程師兵糰將風險概唸應用到瞭基礎設施管理中,其間所穫得的經驗和觀察成果可在該機構的三項關鍵組織要素中引起變革,即:政策、實踐和管理。在使用風險概唸之前,美國陸軍工程師兵糰安全項目(Corps Safety Programs)中採用傳統方法設計瞭3000多箇基礎設施繫統,但噹需要迴答有關“已建”基礎設施的更基本和現時的問題時,傳統方法的錶現併不理想:(1)已建基礎設施繫統的未來隨時間髮展其性能如何,其影響要素是哪些;(2)在各種選擇組閤或項目層麵,該怎樣進行決策以達到最高性價比地管理風險;(3)在內部和外部,美國陸軍工程師兵糰的理解和決策怎樣纔能得到最好地溝通。在美國陸軍工程師兵糰的經驗中,風險概唸有效地迴答瞭上述問題,併且在過程中得到瞭人們的信服。與傳統方法相比,在基礎設施管理中使用風險概唸有三箇主要益處:(1)為理解基礎設施的預期性能和與性能相關的風險提供瞭一種一緻和可靠的方法;(2)對選擇具體的降低風險的措施,在選擇組閤(優先和緊急)層麵和項目層麵都能提高決策製定的質量;(3)可改善風險對話的基礎和效率,這是風險管理中一箇非常關鍵的要素。關于風險概唸的應用,美國陸軍工程師兵糰有許多經驗教訓可以與大傢分享,包括早期和適噹使用風險結果的權力;如何設計新的管理架構來支持風險概唸的融閤;風險與傳統確定性工程實踐的互補特性;在後果評估和新的“超級全能王”角色中打造新能力的重要性;將努力程度與將要進行的決策相匹配的需要;潛在潰壩模式分析和臨時降低風險措施的重要性。未來的風險概唸包括承諾將現有的基礎設施對話轉換成另一種模式,即關于大壩為所在區域的社會帶來的許多益處和價值的討論與風險相平衡。
2005~2013년기간,미국륙군공정사병단장풍험개념응용도료기출설시관리중,기간소획득적경험화관찰성과가재해궤구적삼항관건조직요소중인기변혁,즉:정책、실천화관리。재사용풍험개념지전,미국륙군공정사병단안전항목(Corps Safety Programs)중채용전통방법설계료3000다개기출설시계통,단당수요회답유관“이건”기출설시적경기본화현시적문제시,전통방법적표현병불이상:(1)이건기출설시계통적미래수시간발전기성능여하,기영향요소시나사;(2)재각충선택조합혹항목층면,해즘양진행결책이체도최고성개비지관리풍험;(3)재내부화외부,미국륙군공정사병단적리해화결책즘양재능득도최호지구통。재미국륙군공정사병단적경험중,풍험개념유효지회답료상술문제,병차재과정중득도료인문적신복。여전통방법상비,재기출설시관리중사용풍험개념유삼개주요익처:(1)위리해기출설시적예기성능화여성능상관적풍험제공료일충일치화가고적방법;(2)대선택구체적강저풍험적조시,재선택조합(우선화긴급)층면화항목층면도능제고결책제정적질량;(3)가개선풍험대화적기출화효솔,저시풍험관리중일개비상관건적요소。관우풍험개념적응용,미국륙군공정사병단유허다경험교훈가이여대가분향,포괄조기화괄당사용풍험결과적권력;여하설계신적관리가구래지지풍험개념적융합;풍험여전통학정성공정실천적호보특성;재후과평고화신적“초급전능왕”각색중타조신능력적중요성;장노력정도여장요진행적결책상필배적수요;잠재궤패모식분석화림시강저풍험조시적중요성。미래적풍험개념포괄승낙장현유적기출설시대화전환성령일충모식,즉관우대패위소재구역적사회대래적허다익처화개치적토론여풍험상평형。
The lessons and observations of the Corps of Engineers in implementing risk concepts for in?frastructure management during the period 2005 through 2013 have been transformative to the agency’s three key organizational elements:policies, practices, and governance. Before the use of risk, traditional approaches, employed for the design of over 3 000 infrastructure systems in the Corps Safety Programs, were not always ideal for answering the more fundamental and modern questions about the“built”infra?structure:(1) what are the driving factors for how existing infrastructure systems will perform over time;(2) how should decisions be made at the portfolio or project level to most cost effectively manage risks;and (3) how can our understanding and decisions be best communicated internally and externally? In the experience of the Corps of Engineers, risk concepts effectively answer these questions and in the pro?cess, help tell a compelling story. The use of risk concepts in the management of infrastructure provides three key advantages com?pared to traditional approaches: by providing a consistent and credible way to understand anticipated performance and the risk associated with that performance;by improving the quality of decision making at both the portfolio level (priorities and urgency) and at the project level for selection of specific risk re?duction measures;and by improving the basis and effectiveness of the risk dialogue that is such a crucial element of risk management. The Corps has many lessons to share with the larger community regarding the use of risk concepts including—— the power of using risk results early and fairly; how to design new governance structures to support the integration of risk concepts;the complementary nature of risk to traditional deterministic engineering practices;the importance of building new competencies in conse? quence assessment and in a new“super generalist”;the need to align the level of effort to be commensu?rate with the decision to be made;and the importance of potential failure mode analysis and of interim risk reduction measures. The future of risk concepts includes the promise of transforming the infrastruc?ture dialogue to one where the risks are balanced by a discussion of the many benefits and values to soci?ety that dams deliver.