CAJ | 학술논문

目的随着杂交谷子高产特性的凸显和栽培技术研究的不断深入，确立高产条件下的合理施肥方案具有重要现实意义。本文设定了不同氮素水平，研究施氮量对谷子生物量、产量、光合特性及水分利用效率（ WUE ）的影响，以确定杂交谷子高产的合理施氮方案。方法以“张杂5号”谷子为对象，采用田间小区试验，设施氮量0、100、200、300（分3次施）、300（分2次施）、400 kg／hm2共6个氮素水平（ N0 N5处理），通过测定杂交谷子籽粒产量、生物量、农田耗水量和光合特性，分析施氮与杂交谷子产量、光合特性及水分利用效率（ WUE）之间的关系。结果谷子产量、光合特性及 WUE与施氮水平密切相关。不同施氮处理谷子生物量比对照 N0处理增加了26.33％87.21％，处理间差异显著。谷子籽粒产量以N3（300 kg／hm2，分3次施）和N5（400 kg／hm2）处理较高，分别为8202 kg／hm2和8537 kg／hm2，两处理间差异不显著。各生育阶段谷子的耗水特征变化趋势不同。生育前期耗水变化不明显，拔节－抽穗期谷子农田耗水量以N0处理日均耗水量最大；在生育后期N0处理耗水量最小， N3耗水量最大。全生育期谷子总耗水量处理间差异较小，以N1（100 kg／hm2）处理总耗水量最大。杂交谷子叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均以N0处理最小，N3处理为最大。籽粒水分利用效率、生物水分利用效率及单叶水分利用效率均以N3处理为最高。本试验条件下，施氮量为400 kg／hm2时，虽获得了最高产量，但与施用N 300 kg／hm2差异不显著，且水分利用效率较低，说明高量施氮的增产效果不明显。结论氮素的合理使用协调了水氮关系，提高了水分利用效率。同时，施氮还提高了杂交谷子的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。施氮量相同，但施肥时期不同，产量和WUE也差异显著。谷子生育前期大量施肥降低了营养物质向籽粒的转移，产量较低。因此，推荐施氮300 kg／hm2（分3次施）作为本地区杂交谷子高产高效的合理施氮量。目的隨著雜交穀子高產特性的凸顯和栽培技術研究的不斷深入，確立高產條件下的閤理施肥方案具有重要現實意義。本文設定瞭不同氮素水平，研究施氮量對穀子生物量、產量、光閤特性及水分利用效率（ WUE ）的影響，以確定雜交穀子高產的閤理施氮方案。方法以“張雜5號”穀子為對象，採用田間小區試驗，設施氮量0、100、200、300（分3次施）、300（分2次施）、400 kg／hm2共6箇氮素水平（ N0 N5處理），通過測定雜交穀子籽粒產量、生物量、農田耗水量和光閤特性，分析施氮與雜交穀子產量、光閤特性及水分利用效率（ WUE）之間的關繫。結果穀子產量、光閤特性及 WUE與施氮水平密切相關。不同施氮處理穀子生物量比對照 N0處理增加瞭26.33％87.21％，處理間差異顯著。穀子籽粒產量以N3（300 kg／hm2，分3次施）和N5（400 kg／hm2）處理較高，分彆為8202 kg／hm2和8537 kg／hm2，兩處理間差異不顯著。各生育階段穀子的耗水特徵變化趨勢不同。生育前期耗水變化不明顯，拔節－抽穗期穀子農田耗水量以N0處理日均耗水量最大；在生育後期N0處理耗水量最小， N3耗水量最大。全生育期穀子總耗水量處理間差異較小，以N1（100 kg／hm2）處理總耗水量最大。雜交穀子葉片的淨光閤速率、蒸騰速率和氣孔導度均以N0處理最小，N3處理為最大。籽粒水分利用效率、生物水分利用效率及單葉水分利用效率均以N3處理為最高。本試驗條件下，施氮量為400 kg／hm2時，雖穫得瞭最高產量，但與施用N 300 kg／hm2差異不顯著，且水分利用效率較低，說明高量施氮的增產效果不明顯。結論氮素的閤理使用協調瞭水氮關繫，提高瞭水分利用效率。同時，施氮還提高瞭雜交穀子的淨光閤速率、蒸騰速率和氣孔導度。施氮量相同，但施肥時期不同，產量和WUE也差異顯著。穀子生育前期大量施肥降低瞭營養物質嚮籽粒的轉移，產量較低。因此，推薦施氮300 kg／hm2（分3次施）作為本地區雜交穀子高產高效的閤理施氮量。
목적수착잡교곡자고산특성적철현화재배기술연구적불단심입，학립고산조건하적합리시비방안구유중요현실의의。본문설정료불동담소수평，연구시담량대곡자생물량、산량、광합특성급수분이용효솔（ WUE ）적영향，이학정잡교곡자고산적합리시담방안。방법이“장잡5호”곡자위대상，채용전간소구시험，설시담량0、100、200、300（분3차시）、300（분2차시）、400 kg／hm2공6개담소수평（ N0 N5처리），통과측정잡교곡자자립산량、생물량、농전모수량화광합특성，분석시담여잡교곡자산량、광합특성급수분이용효솔（ WUE）지간적관계。결과곡자산량、광합특성급 WUE여시담수평밀절상관。불동시담처리곡자생물량비대조 N0처리증가료26.33％87.21％，처리간차이현저。곡자자립산량이N3（300 kg／hm2，분3차시）화N5（400 kg／hm2）처리교고，분별위8202 kg／hm2화8537 kg／hm2，량처리간차이불현저。각생육계단곡자적모수특정변화추세불동。생육전기모수변화불명현，발절－추수기곡자농전모수량이N0처리일균모수량최대；재생육후기N0처리모수량최소， N3모수량최대。전생육기곡자총모수량처리간차이교소，이N1（100 kg／hm2）처리총모수량최대。잡교곡자협편적정광합속솔、증등속솔화기공도도균이N0처리최소，N3처리위최대。자립수분이용효솔、생물수분이용효솔급단협수분이용효솔균이N3처리위최고。본시험조건하，시담량위400 kg／hm2시，수획득료최고산량，단여시용N 300 kg／hm2차이불현저，차수분이용효솔교저，설명고량시담적증산효과불명현。결론담소적합리사용협조료수담관계，제고료수분이용효솔。동시，시담환제고료잡교곡자적정광합속솔、증등속솔화기공도도。시담량상동，단시비시기불동，산량화WUE야차이현저。곡자생육전기대량시비강저료영양물질향자립적전이，산량교저。인차，추천시담300 kg／hm2（분3차시）작위본지구잡교곡자고산고효적합리시담량。
Objectives] The rational fertilization schedule has being required by the steadly increasing of yield of hybrid millet and intensive cultivation technique.A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of nitrogen application rate on biomass, yield, photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency ( WUE ) of hybrid millet for determining the rational nitrogen application scheme.[Methods]The field experiment was conducted with‘Zhangzagu No.5’ hybrid millet as research object.The study consisted of 6 nitrogen application rates, 0, 100, 200, 300 kg/ha (application for three times), 300 kg/ha (application for two times) and 400 kg/ha with the treatments code from N0 to N5 continuously.[Results]The yield, photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of millet are significantly related to nitrogen application levels.The hybrid millet biomass in the nitrogen application treatments are increased by 26.33%-87.21%than that in the control treatment (N0), and the variation of biomass in different treatments was significant.The higher millet grain yields are in the N3 (300 kg/ha) and N5 (400 kg/ha) treatments, which are 8202 kg/ha and 8537 kg/ha respectively, and the difference between N3 and N5 is not significant.The variation tendency of water consumption is different at the growing stages of millet.At the early growing stages the water consumption of hybrid millet is not changed significantly, and the maximum daily water consumptions are in the N0 treatment at the jointing and heading stages.The largest daily water consumption is in the N3 treatment at the late growth stage.The variation of total water consumption in whole growing period of millet is relatively small,the largest total water consumption is in the N1 treatment.The smallest net photosynthetic rates ( Pn) , transpiration rates ( E) and stomatal conductances ( C) of hybrid millet are separately in the N0 and and the largest in N3 treatments.The highest water use efficiencies of yield (WUE), of dry matter (WUEDM) and of single-leaf (WUESL) are all in the N3 treatment.Under the highest nitrogen application amount, 400 kg/ha ( N5 ) , the highest yield of millet is obtained, while the water use efficiency is lower than that in the N3 treatment.[Conclusions] The rational use of nitrogen increases Pn, E and C of hybrid millet and coordinates the relationships between the water and nitrogen, improves the water use efficiency.The same amount of nitrogen application the yields and WUEs are significantly different when the fertilization are applied different periods.The larger amount of nitrogen application at the earlier growing period of millet decreases the nutrients translocation to grains, and has low yield.N 300 kg/ha ( application for three times) is proposed as the rational amount of nitrogen application for higher yield of hybrid millet in the region.