植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
5期
1262-1270
,共9页
陈雪双%刘娟%姜培坤%周国模%李永夫%吴家森
陳雪雙%劉娟%薑培坤%週國模%李永伕%吳傢森
진설쌍%류연%강배곤%주국모%리영부%오가삼
山核桃%N2 O排放%施肥%水溶性有机碳%微生物量碳
山覈桃%N2 O排放%施肥%水溶性有機碳%微生物量碳
산핵도%N2 O배방%시비%수용성유궤탄%미생물량탄
Carya cathayensis%N2 O flux%fertilization%water soluble organic carbon%microbial biomass carbon
目的 N2 O是重要的温室气体，其增温潜势是CO2的298倍，而且破坏臭氧层。森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，占全球陆地面积的33％，森林土壤N2 O排放对全球气候变化有重大的影响。山核桃（ Carya cathayensis）是非常重要的经济林，是山核桃主产区农民的主要经济来源。近年来，农民采取施用无机肥和有机肥等措施来提高山核桃产量，但施肥对山核桃林地土壤N2 O排放的影响尚不清楚，本文以不施肥作为对照（ CK），研究单施有机肥（ Organic fertilizer， OF）、单施化肥（ Inorgnaic fertilizer， IF）、有机无机肥配施（ Organic fertilizer and Inorgnaic fertilizer， OIF）对山核桃林地土壤N2 O气体排放的影响。方法利用静态箱－气相色谱法对山核桃林地土壤N2 O排放通量进行了为期1年的测定。采样箱为组合式，即由底座、顶箱组成，均用PVC板做成，面积为30 cm ×30 cm，高度为30 cm。气体样品采集频率基本为每月1次，采集气体时，将采集箱插入底座凹槽（凹槽内径和深度均为5 cm）中，用蒸馏水密封，分别于关箱后0、10、20、30 min采集，用注射器抽样60 mL置于气袋，带回实验室用岛津GC-2014气相色谱仪进行测定，检测器为电子捕获检测器（ ECD），检测器温度为250℃。结果山核桃林地不同施肥土壤N2 O排放通量均呈现明显的季节性变化，以夏季最高、冬季最低。土壤N2 O的排放通量在N －0.0210.161 mg／（ m2· h）之间变化，不同处理土壤N2 O年累积排放量依次为单施有机肥＞单施化肥＞有机无机肥配施＞对照，对应值分别为N 2.17、2.01、1.94和0.94 kg／（ hm2· a）。与对照相比，施肥处理显著增加N2 O的排放（P＜0.05），但是各施肥处理N2O排放量之间的差异不显著。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤水溶性有机碳含量和微生物量碳呈显著相关关系（P＜0.05），而单施化肥和对照则无显著相关性。土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm处土壤温度均显著相关（P＜0.05），而土壤N2O排放与土壤含水量间没有显著相关性。结论施肥显著促进了山核桃林地土壤N2 O排放，不同施肥处理之间山核桃林地土壤N2 O排放无显著差异。添加有机肥引起土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物碳的增加可能是有机肥增加山核桃林地土壤N2 O排放速率的主要原因之一。
目的 N2 O是重要的溫室氣體，其增溫潛勢是CO2的298倍，而且破壞臭氧層。森林生態繫統是陸地生態繫統的重要組成部分，佔全毬陸地麵積的33％，森林土壤N2 O排放對全毬氣候變化有重大的影響。山覈桃（ Carya cathayensis）是非常重要的經濟林，是山覈桃主產區農民的主要經濟來源。近年來，農民採取施用無機肥和有機肥等措施來提高山覈桃產量，但施肥對山覈桃林地土壤N2 O排放的影響尚不清楚，本文以不施肥作為對照（ CK），研究單施有機肥（ Organic fertilizer， OF）、單施化肥（ Inorgnaic fertilizer， IF）、有機無機肥配施（ Organic fertilizer and Inorgnaic fertilizer， OIF）對山覈桃林地土壤N2 O氣體排放的影響。方法利用靜態箱－氣相色譜法對山覈桃林地土壤N2 O排放通量進行瞭為期1年的測定。採樣箱為組閤式，即由底座、頂箱組成，均用PVC闆做成，麵積為30 cm ×30 cm，高度為30 cm。氣體樣品採集頻率基本為每月1次，採集氣體時，將採集箱插入底座凹槽（凹槽內徑和深度均為5 cm）中，用蒸餾水密封，分彆于關箱後0、10、20、30 min採集，用註射器抽樣60 mL置于氣袋，帶迴實驗室用島津GC-2014氣相色譜儀進行測定，檢測器為電子捕穫檢測器（ ECD），檢測器溫度為250℃。結果山覈桃林地不同施肥土壤N2 O排放通量均呈現明顯的季節性變化，以夏季最高、鼕季最低。土壤N2 O的排放通量在N －0.0210.161 mg／（ m2· h）之間變化，不同處理土壤N2 O年纍積排放量依次為單施有機肥＞單施化肥＞有機無機肥配施＞對照，對應值分彆為N 2.17、2.01、1.94和0.94 kg／（ hm2· a）。與對照相比，施肥處理顯著增加N2 O的排放（P＜0.05），但是各施肥處理N2O排放量之間的差異不顯著。單施有機肥和有機無機肥配施處理土壤N2O排放通量與土壤水溶性有機碳含量和微生物量碳呈顯著相關關繫（P＜0.05），而單施化肥和對照則無顯著相關性。土壤N2O排放通量與地下5 cm處土壤溫度均顯著相關（P＜0.05），而土壤N2O排放與土壤含水量間沒有顯著相關性。結論施肥顯著促進瞭山覈桃林地土壤N2 O排放，不同施肥處理之間山覈桃林地土壤N2 O排放無顯著差異。添加有機肥引起土壤水溶性有機碳和微生物碳的增加可能是有機肥增加山覈桃林地土壤N2 O排放速率的主要原因之一。
목적 N2 O시중요적온실기체，기증온잠세시CO2적298배，이차파배취양층。삼림생태계통시륙지생태계통적중요조성부분，점전구륙지면적적33％，삼림토양N2 O배방대전구기후변화유중대적영향。산핵도（ Carya cathayensis）시비상중요적경제림，시산핵도주산구농민적주요경제래원。근년래，농민채취시용무궤비화유궤비등조시래제고산핵도산량，단시비대산핵도임지토양N2 O배방적영향상불청초，본문이불시비작위대조（ CK），연구단시유궤비（ Organic fertilizer， OF）、단시화비（ Inorgnaic fertilizer， IF）、유궤무궤비배시（ Organic fertilizer and Inorgnaic fertilizer， OIF）대산핵도임지토양N2 O기체배방적영향。방법이용정태상－기상색보법대산핵도임지토양N2 O배방통량진행료위기1년적측정。채양상위조합식，즉유저좌、정상조성，균용PVC판주성，면적위30 cm ×30 cm，고도위30 cm。기체양품채집빈솔기본위매월1차，채집기체시，장채집상삽입저좌요조（요조내경화심도균위5 cm）중，용증류수밀봉，분별우관상후0、10、20、30 min채집，용주사기추양60 mL치우기대，대회실험실용도진GC-2014기상색보의진행측정，검측기위전자포획검측기（ ECD），검측기온도위250℃。결과산핵도임지불동시비토양N2 O배방통량균정현명현적계절성변화，이하계최고、동계최저。토양N2 O적배방통량재N －0.0210.161 mg／（ m2· h）지간변화，불동처리토양N2 O년루적배방량의차위단시유궤비＞단시화비＞유궤무궤비배시＞대조，대응치분별위N 2.17、2.01、1.94화0.94 kg／（ hm2· a）。여대조상비，시비처리현저증가N2 O적배방（P＜0.05），단시각시비처리N2O배방량지간적차이불현저。단시유궤비화유궤무궤비배시처리토양N2O배방통량여토양수용성유궤탄함량화미생물량탄정현저상관관계（P＜0.05），이단시화비화대조칙무현저상관성。토양N2O배방통량여지하5 cm처토양온도균현저상관（P＜0.05），이토양N2O배방여토양함수량간몰유현저상관성。결론시비현저촉진료산핵도임지토양N2 O배방，불동시비처리지간산핵도임지토양N2 O배방무현저차이。첨가유궤비인기토양수용성유궤탄화미생물탄적증가가능시유궤비증가산핵도임지토양N2 O배방속솔적주요원인지일。
Objectives]N2 O is a potent greenhouse gas with global warming potentials ( GWP) 298 times greater than that of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) on a 100-year horizon.Moreover, increasing atmospheric N2 O is an important factor in stratospheric ozone depletion.As an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, forest ecosystems constitute about 33% of the global land surface, emitting between N2 O-N 2.4-5.7 Tg/yr into the atmosphere. Carya cathayensis is one of the popular nut food tree species in subtropical China.To achieve maximum yield and economic return, chemical and organic fertilizers have been applied in recent years.However, there is little information on the effects of management practices on soil N2 O emissions.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fertilizer application ( OF, OIF, IF, CK ) on soil N2 O emission from Carya cathayensis orchards in subtropical China.[Methods]A close-chamber method and gas chromatography techniques were used to determine effluxes of N2 O in the four replicate plots of each plot.The static chamber consisted of a permanently installed base box (0.3 m ×0.3 m ×0.1 m) with a U-shaped groove (50 mm wide and 50 mm deep) at the top of edge to hold a removable cover box (0.3 m ×0.3 m ×0.3 m) .Both the base and cover boxes were made of dark polyvinyl chloride ( PVC) panels, as thick as 5 mm.Prior to gas sampling, the cover box was placed on the base and the groove was filled with distilled water to a depth of 20 mm, acting as an air seal.Gas samples were taken with 60 ml plastic syringes attached to a 3-way stopcock at 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes following chamber closure, then injected into evacuated bags made of inert aluminium-coated plastic.N2 O concentration in the samples was analysed in the laboratory using gas chromatography equipped with a electron capture detector ( ECD) . The temperature of detector was 250℃.[Results]The results showed that N2 O fluxes from soil under different fertilization treatments exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with the maximum values being observed during the summer while the minimum values were observed during the winter.N2 O emissions were between N -0.021 0.161 mg/( m2 · h) , the calculated annual emissions of N2 O were OF >IF >OIF >CK, N 2.17 kg/( ha· a)>2.01 kg/( ha · a ) >1.94 kg/( ha · a ) >0.94 kg/( ha · a ) .It was interesting to note that fertilization treatments increased significantly the emissions of soil N2 O ( P<0.05 ) compared with the control.However no significant difference was observed between the fertilizer treatments.Additionally, the content of the WSOC and MBC from the OIF and OF treatments had a significant correlation with the emissions of the soil N2 O ( P<0.05) , but there was no significant correlation between the content of the WSOC and MBC from the IF and CK treatments and the emission of the soil N2 O.There was a significant positive relationship between soil N2 O emission and the soil temperature at 5 cm depth.No significant correlation was found between soil N2 O flux and soil moisture.[Conclusions]Fertilizer application enhanced soil N2 O emission.There was no significant difference between OF, OIF and IF.The increase of soil water soluble organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon caused by organic fertilizer applied might be one of the main reasons that enhanced soil N2 O emission.
