植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
5期
1186-1193
,共8页
杨宇虹%晋艳%黄建国%段玉琪%徐照丽%袁玲
楊宇虹%晉豔%黃建國%段玉琪%徐照麗%袁玲
양우홍%진염%황건국%단옥기%서조려%원령
烤烟%施肥%土壤微生物
烤煙%施肥%土壤微生物
고연%시비%토양미생물
flue-cured tobacco%fertilization%soil microorganism
目的微生物是土壤的重要组成分，与土壤养分转化供应密切相关。本研究利用12年肥料定位试验研究了云南植烟土壤可培养微生物数量、微生物量碳氮、标记性磷脂脂肪酸（ PLFAs）、微生物种群特征及有益微生物的变化。方法试验设置不施肥（ CK）、单施化肥（ CF）和化肥配施有机肥（ CFM）处理，在烟株旺长期，采集0—20 cm耕作层土壤，测定了微生物量碳、氮含量，微生物标记磷脂脂肪酸（ PLFAs）含量和可培养微生物数量；鉴定自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌的数量；根据PLFAs计算了微生物种群特征值。结果有机无机肥配施处理的土壤中，可培养细菌比不施肥土壤增加了6.14倍、真菌增加了2.30倍、放线菌增加了1.56倍，增幅显著高于化肥处理；施肥显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮量。化肥和有机无机肥配合处理土壤的微生物量碳分别比CK增加了71.8％和246％；不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳／氮比值显著不同，分别为14.8（CK）、13.3（CF）和11.2（CFM）。微生物标记性PLFAs含量以化肥有机肥配合处理最高，化肥处理次之，CK最低。化肥、化肥配施有机肥处理土壤细菌PLFAs比对照分别增加了25.41％和87.66％，真菌PLFAs分别增加了15.59％和39.24％，化肥处理代表放线菌的PLFAs降低了24.63％，化肥配施有机肥处理增加了83.86％，表明施肥尤其是化肥配施有机肥改善了土壤环境，促进了微生物的生长繁殖，并改变了土壤微生物种群结构；施肥处理土壤中微生物群落多样性指数上升，化肥处理还提高了微生物的优势度指数，说明施肥有益于增加微生物的种群数量，化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了无机磷细菌和钾细菌的数量，两者分别比对照增加了1.15倍和1.02倍，化肥处理则相反，自生固氮菌和无机磷细菌数量分别比CK降低了56.69％和41.30％；化肥配施有机肥处理土壤中的自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌共有20个属，CK土壤有19个属，化肥处理土壤仅16个属。结论 CFM促进微生物生长繁殖，增加种群多样性，有益于微生物固氮、溶磷、解钾，对于提高肥料利用率和保持土壤健康有重要意义。在烟叶栽培过程中，提倡化肥与有机肥配合施用很有必要。
目的微生物是土壤的重要組成分，與土壤養分轉化供應密切相關。本研究利用12年肥料定位試驗研究瞭雲南植煙土壤可培養微生物數量、微生物量碳氮、標記性燐脂脂肪痠（ PLFAs）、微生物種群特徵及有益微生物的變化。方法試驗設置不施肥（ CK）、單施化肥（ CF）和化肥配施有機肥（ CFM）處理，在煙株旺長期，採集0—20 cm耕作層土壤，測定瞭微生物量碳、氮含量，微生物標記燐脂脂肪痠（ PLFAs）含量和可培養微生物數量；鑒定自生固氮菌、燐細菌和鉀細菌的數量；根據PLFAs計算瞭微生物種群特徵值。結果有機無機肥配施處理的土壤中，可培養細菌比不施肥土壤增加瞭6.14倍、真菌增加瞭2.30倍、放線菌增加瞭1.56倍，增幅顯著高于化肥處理；施肥顯著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮量。化肥和有機無機肥配閤處理土壤的微生物量碳分彆比CK增加瞭71.8％和246％；不同施肥處理土壤微生物量碳／氮比值顯著不同，分彆為14.8（CK）、13.3（CF）和11.2（CFM）。微生物標記性PLFAs含量以化肥有機肥配閤處理最高，化肥處理次之，CK最低。化肥、化肥配施有機肥處理土壤細菌PLFAs比對照分彆增加瞭25.41％和87.66％，真菌PLFAs分彆增加瞭15.59％和39.24％，化肥處理代錶放線菌的PLFAs降低瞭24.63％，化肥配施有機肥處理增加瞭83.86％，錶明施肥尤其是化肥配施有機肥改善瞭土壤環境，促進瞭微生物的生長繁殖，併改變瞭土壤微生物種群結構；施肥處理土壤中微生物群落多樣性指數上升，化肥處理還提高瞭微生物的優勢度指數，說明施肥有益于增加微生物的種群數量，化肥配施有機肥處理顯著提高瞭無機燐細菌和鉀細菌的數量，兩者分彆比對照增加瞭1.15倍和1.02倍，化肥處理則相反，自生固氮菌和無機燐細菌數量分彆比CK降低瞭56.69％和41.30％；化肥配施有機肥處理土壤中的自生固氮菌、燐細菌和鉀細菌共有20箇屬，CK土壤有19箇屬，化肥處理土壤僅16箇屬。結論 CFM促進微生物生長繁殖，增加種群多樣性，有益于微生物固氮、溶燐、解鉀，對于提高肥料利用率和保持土壤健康有重要意義。在煙葉栽培過程中，提倡化肥與有機肥配閤施用很有必要。
목적미생물시토양적중요조성분，여토양양분전화공응밀절상관。본연구이용12년비료정위시험연구료운남식연토양가배양미생물수량、미생물량탄담、표기성린지지방산（ PLFAs）、미생물충군특정급유익미생물적변화。방법시험설치불시비（ CK）、단시화비（ CF）화화비배시유궤비（ CFM）처리，재연주왕장기，채집0—20 cm경작층토양，측정료미생물량탄、담함량，미생물표기린지지방산（ PLFAs）함량화가배양미생물수량；감정자생고담균、린세균화갑세균적수량；근거PLFAs계산료미생물충군특정치。결과유궤무궤비배시처리적토양중，가배양세균비불시비토양증가료6.14배、진균증가료2.30배、방선균증가료1.56배，증폭현저고우화비처리；시비현저제고토양미생물량탄、담량。화비화유궤무궤비배합처리토양적미생물량탄분별비CK증가료71.8％화246％；불동시비처리토양미생물량탄／담비치현저불동，분별위14.8（CK）、13.3（CF）화11.2（CFM）。미생물표기성PLFAs함량이화비유궤비배합처리최고，화비처리차지，CK최저。화비、화비배시유궤비처리토양세균PLFAs비대조분별증가료25.41％화87.66％，진균PLFAs분별증가료15.59％화39.24％，화비처리대표방선균적PLFAs강저료24.63％，화비배시유궤비처리증가료83.86％，표명시비우기시화비배시유궤비개선료토양배경，촉진료미생물적생장번식，병개변료토양미생물충군결구；시비처리토양중미생물군락다양성지수상승，화비처리환제고료미생물적우세도지수，설명시비유익우증가미생물적충군수량，화비배시유궤비처리현저제고료무궤린세균화갑세균적수량，량자분별비대조증가료1.15배화1.02배，화비처리칙상반，자생고담균화무궤린세균수량분별비CK강저료56.69％화41.30％；화비배시유궤비처리토양중적자생고담균、린세균화갑세균공유20개속，CK토양유19개속，화비처리토양부16개속。결론 CFM촉진미생물생장번식，증가충군다양성，유익우미생물고담、용린、해갑，대우제고비료이용솔화보지토양건강유중요의의。재연협재배과정중，제창화비여유궤비배합시용흔유필요。
Objectives]Microbes are important components of soils because they participate in nutrient turnover and supplies.A 12-year field experiment was used to investigate the effects of different fertilization on the soil cultural microorganisms, microbial biomass carbon( C) and nitrogen( N) contents, labeled phospholipid fatty acids ( PFLAs) contents, microbial groups and beneficial microorganisms in tobacco cultivated fields.[Methods]The soils from the three treatments were used: no fertilizer (control), single chemical fertilizer (CF) and combined chemical fertilizer and manure (CFM).Cultivated soils (0-20 cm) were sampled at the fast growing period of tobacco.Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, labeled phospholipid fatty acids of microbes were determined.The character values of microbial community including diversity, evenness and dominant indexes were calculated according to the corresponding content of PLFAs, the number of microorganisms were measured, the azotobacteria, phosphobacteria and potassium bacteria were indentified by microscope together with physiological and biochemical reactions.[Results] The results showed more cultural microorganisms existed in the soil treated with CFM than with CF.Compared to CK, CFM increased the bacteria population by 6.14 times, fungi by 2.30 times and actinomycetes by 1.56 times, respectively, CF increased those obvious less than CFM.Fertilization also increased microbial biomass C and N contents.The microbial biomass C with CFM was increased by 2.46 times and 71.8%with CF than that with CK.The ratio of microbial biomass C to N changed with different treatments.CK showed the highest ratio (14.8), followed by CF (13.3) and the lowest with CFM (11.2).The total PFLAs in the soil with CFM is higher than soils with CF and CK.Compared with CK soil, the bacterial and the fungal PFLAs were increased by 25.41%and 15.59%, but the actinomycetal PFLAs was decreased by 24.63% in CF soil; all the bacterial, fungal and actinomycetal PFLAs were increased by 87.66%, 39.24%and 83.86%respectively in CFM soil.The phosphobacteria in the CFM soil was 1.15 times and potassium bacteria 1.02 times higher than those in CK soil, while the azotobacteria in CF soil was decreased by 56.69%and phosphobacteria by 41.30%than those in CK soil.There are totally 20 genera of azotobacteria, phosphobacteria and potassium bacteria in CFM soil, 19 genera in CK soil and 16 genera in CF soil.[Conclusions] Combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer in long-term promotes the microbial growth, reproduction and their biodiversity, resulting high fertilizer use efficiency and healthy soil with strong resistance to the potential decrease in microbial groups after a long-term application of chemical fertilizers.The chemical fertilizer plus manures in the tobacco cultivation should be advocated.
