植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
5期
1094-1102
,共9页
佟玉欣%李玉影%刘双全%姬景红%王伟%郑雨
佟玉訢%李玉影%劉雙全%姬景紅%王偉%鄭雨
동옥흔%리옥영%류쌍전%희경홍%왕위%정우
黑龙江省%春玉米%氮素吸收%最佳氮素管理
黑龍江省%春玉米%氮素吸收%最佳氮素管理
흑룡강성%춘옥미%담소흡수%최가담소관리
Heilongjiang Province%spring maize%N absorption%optimizing nitrogen management
目的在高产玉米生产系统中,对氮素需求的过量评估,导致了氮素的过量施用和环境污染。东北春玉米种植区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,仅黑龙江省玉米总产量就占到了全国的13.8%。在黑龙江省玉米面积迅速增加的情况下,在全省范围内收集整理施肥试验数据,分析品种、缓释氮肥试验数据,对揭示氮素需求与产量之间的关系具有重要意义。本研究的主要目的是量化黑龙江省籽粒产量和氮素需求之间的关系;评估产量增加时每吨籽粒吸氮量的变化;研究不同熟期品种籽粒产量和氮素吸收之间关系;分析缓释尿素产量和氮素吸收之间关系。方法采用调查方法,对20032012年黑龙江省不同地点的56个春玉米田间施肥试验中439个试验产量和成熟期数据进行了收集和整理,运用幂指数模型对成熟期产量和地上部总氮素吸收量之间的关系进行模拟。采用田间试验方法研究普通尿素和缓释尿素不同施肥方法对产量和农学性状的影响。试验以不施氮肥为对照,尿素100%基施、缓释尿素100%基施、尿素40%基施60%追施、尿素40%缓释尿素60%基施5个处理,测产并分析计算收获指数、氮素收获指数。结果黑龙江玉米收获指数逐年提高,从2000年代的0.43增加到2010年代的0.48。56个试验的玉米平均产量为9.5 t/hm2,这一产量高于全国的平均产量5.3 t/hm2和世界平均产量4.5 t/hm2。每吨籽粒吸氮量平均为16.7 kg。将玉米产量分为6个范围:<7、78、89、910、1011、>11 t/hm2,每吨籽粒吸氮量平均值分别为18.3、18.3、16.8、17.0、16.4和15.3 kg。早熟品种每吨籽粒吸氮量高于晚熟品种。田间试验中尿素40%基施60%追施处理和40%尿素60%缓释尿素基施处理的每吨籽粒吸氮量显著高于尿素100%基施。结论黑龙江省玉米产量从2000年代的8.5 t/hm2增长到2010年代的9.7 t/hm2,收获指数的提高是主要原因之一,收获指数的增加和籽粒中氮浓度的稀释是每吨籽粒吸氮量呈下降趋势的主要原因。在相同籽粒产量下,早熟品种籽粒和秸秆中的氮素浓度高于中、晚熟品种。追施氮肥处理和缓释氮肥与尿素基施处理的玉米籽粒和秸秆中的氮浓度更高。黑龙江省高产玉米生产系统中,产量的提高伴随着收获指数的提高和籽粒氮浓度的下降,而晚熟品种的种植面积扩大是导致这一现象的原因之一。
目的在高產玉米生產繫統中,對氮素需求的過量評估,導緻瞭氮素的過量施用和環境汙染。東北春玉米種植區是我國重要的商品糧生產基地,僅黑龍江省玉米總產量就佔到瞭全國的13.8%。在黑龍江省玉米麵積迅速增加的情況下,在全省範圍內收集整理施肥試驗數據,分析品種、緩釋氮肥試驗數據,對揭示氮素需求與產量之間的關繫具有重要意義。本研究的主要目的是量化黑龍江省籽粒產量和氮素需求之間的關繫;評估產量增加時每噸籽粒吸氮量的變化;研究不同熟期品種籽粒產量和氮素吸收之間關繫;分析緩釋尿素產量和氮素吸收之間關繫。方法採用調查方法,對20032012年黑龍江省不同地點的56箇春玉米田間施肥試驗中439箇試驗產量和成熟期數據進行瞭收集和整理,運用冪指數模型對成熟期產量和地上部總氮素吸收量之間的關繫進行模擬。採用田間試驗方法研究普通尿素和緩釋尿素不同施肥方法對產量和農學性狀的影響。試驗以不施氮肥為對照,尿素100%基施、緩釋尿素100%基施、尿素40%基施60%追施、尿素40%緩釋尿素60%基施5箇處理,測產併分析計算收穫指數、氮素收穫指數。結果黑龍江玉米收穫指數逐年提高,從2000年代的0.43增加到2010年代的0.48。56箇試驗的玉米平均產量為9.5 t/hm2,這一產量高于全國的平均產量5.3 t/hm2和世界平均產量4.5 t/hm2。每噸籽粒吸氮量平均為16.7 kg。將玉米產量分為6箇範圍:<7、78、89、910、1011、>11 t/hm2,每噸籽粒吸氮量平均值分彆為18.3、18.3、16.8、17.0、16.4和15.3 kg。早熟品種每噸籽粒吸氮量高于晚熟品種。田間試驗中尿素40%基施60%追施處理和40%尿素60%緩釋尿素基施處理的每噸籽粒吸氮量顯著高于尿素100%基施。結論黑龍江省玉米產量從2000年代的8.5 t/hm2增長到2010年代的9.7 t/hm2,收穫指數的提高是主要原因之一,收穫指數的增加和籽粒中氮濃度的稀釋是每噸籽粒吸氮量呈下降趨勢的主要原因。在相同籽粒產量下,早熟品種籽粒和秸稈中的氮素濃度高于中、晚熟品種。追施氮肥處理和緩釋氮肥與尿素基施處理的玉米籽粒和秸稈中的氮濃度更高。黑龍江省高產玉米生產繫統中,產量的提高伴隨著收穫指數的提高和籽粒氮濃度的下降,而晚熟品種的種植麵積擴大是導緻這一現象的原因之一。
목적재고산옥미생산계통중,대담소수구적과량평고,도치료담소적과량시용화배경오염。동북춘옥미충식구시아국중요적상품량생산기지,부흑룡강성옥미총산량취점도료전국적13.8%。재흑룡강성옥미면적신속증가적정황하,재전성범위내수집정리시비시험수거,분석품충、완석담비시험수거,대게시담소수구여산량지간적관계구유중요의의。본연구적주요목적시양화흑룡강성자립산량화담소수구지간적관계;평고산량증가시매둔자립흡담량적변화;연구불동숙기품충자립산량화담소흡수지간관계;분석완석뇨소산량화담소흡수지간관계。방법채용조사방법,대20032012년흑룡강성불동지점적56개춘옥미전간시비시험중439개시험산량화성숙기수거진행료수집화정리,운용멱지수모형대성숙기산량화지상부총담소흡수량지간적관계진행모의。채용전간시험방법연구보통뇨소화완석뇨소불동시비방법대산량화농학성상적영향。시험이불시담비위대조,뇨소100%기시、완석뇨소100%기시、뇨소40%기시60%추시、뇨소40%완석뇨소60%기시5개처리,측산병분석계산수획지수、담소수획지수。결과흑룡강옥미수획지수축년제고,종2000년대적0.43증가도2010년대적0.48。56개시험적옥미평균산량위9.5 t/hm2,저일산량고우전국적평균산량5.3 t/hm2화세계평균산량4.5 t/hm2。매둔자립흡담량평균위16.7 kg。장옥미산량분위6개범위:<7、78、89、910、1011、>11 t/hm2,매둔자립흡담량평균치분별위18.3、18.3、16.8、17.0、16.4화15.3 kg。조숙품충매둔자립흡담량고우만숙품충。전간시험중뇨소40%기시60%추시처리화40%뇨소60%완석뇨소기시처리적매둔자립흡담량현저고우뇨소100%기시。결론흑룡강성옥미산량종2000년대적8.5 t/hm2증장도2010년대적9.7 t/hm2,수획지수적제고시주요원인지일,수획지수적증가화자립중담농도적희석시매둔자립흡담량정하강추세적주요원인。재상동자립산량하,조숙품충자립화갈간중적담소농도고우중、만숙품충。추시담비처리화완석담비여뇨소기시처리적옥미자립화갈간중적담농도경고。흑룡강성고산옥미생산계통중,산량적제고반수착수획지수적제고화자립담농도적하강,이만숙품충적충식면적확대시도치저일현상적원인지일。
Objectives]In high-yield maize production system, the overestimation of nitrogen ( N) requirement resultes in the overuse of N fertilizer and environmental pollution.Maize grown area was increased rapidly in Heilongjiang Province in the past decades.Collecting and analyzing the existed maize trails data is significant for the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between nitrogen ( N ) requirement and grain yield in Heilongjiang Province.The objectives of this study were to quantify the grain yield-N requirement, evaluate the variation of N requirement with the yield increase, investigate the N requirement charcteristics of maize cultivars with different maturation periods, and the relationship between grain yield-N requirement with different nitrogen fertilization methods.[Methods]The existing 439 maize yield data from 56 field experiments in Heilongjiang Province from 2003 to 2012 were collected and the relationship between grain yield and the above-ground N uptake at maturity was simulated by linear, quadratic, power and exponential models.A field experiment was conducted with different notirogen fertilizers and different application methods, the yield and nitrogen efficiency were investigated.The best fitting is with the power model.[Results]The production of maize in Heilongjiang province has increased from 8.5 t/ha in the 2000s to 9.7 t/ha in 2010s, and one of the major reasons for the increase was the increased harvest index due to cultivars.The average yield of 56 maize experiments is 9.5 t/ha, higher the national average of 5.3 t/ha and the world average yield of 4.5 t/ha.The average N absorption for each 100 kg of grain production is 16.7 kg.When the maize yield is defined as 6 levels: <7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11 and >11 t/ha, the N absorption per 100 kg grain yield is 18.3, 18.3, 16.8, 17.0, 16.4 and 15.3 kg respectively. Early mature cultivars usually absorb more nitrogen than the late mature cultivars.When the urea is applied 40%by basal and 60%by top dressing, or 40% of urea N plus 60% of controlled-released urea N are basal applied together, the nitrogen absorption per 100 kg of grain yield is significantly higher than the urea or controlled-release urea was all one-time basal applied.[Conclusions]The decreased N absorption per tone of grain production is mainly caused by the extention of late maturing cultivars with high harvest index ( HI) .With those cultivars, the N concentration is diluted by the higher yiled.At the same grain yields, the N conents in grain and straw in the early-maturing varieties are higher than those in the late maturing ones.Application of urea by basal plus top dressing or the combined one-time basal application of 40% of urea plus 60% of controlled-rellease urea could increase the nitrogen harvest efficiency and the yield, so they are worth of recommend method.