CAJ | 학술논문

目的随着氮肥在农业生产中的广泛应用，已有许多通过不同施氮水平调控，分析作物养分吸收，提高氮素利用率的相关研究，但是关于高产体系下作物花前花后氮素利用、转移规律的研究相对较少。本文探讨传统（ CT）和优化（ YH）两种栽培体系对冬小麦氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响。分析高产条件下化肥氮的“作物吸收—土壤残留—损失”的新变化，解析小麦花前花后氮素利用、转移规律，探讨肥料氮、土壤氮与作物氮之间的关系。方法在传统和优化两种栽培体系定位试验中设置15 N微区，采用将15 N标记的尿素表施的方法，通过测定植株、土壤样品分析氮素利用特征。新鲜土壤NH4＋-N和NO3－-N含量采用TRACCS 2000型流动分析仪测定。15 N土壤及植物全氮用美国THERMO finnigan公司的稳定同位素质谱仪Delta plus XP测定。结果在该试验条件下，优化管理小麦籽粒产量和吸氮量均显著高于传统处理，分别比传统管理高35％和34％。优化管理15 N利用率比传统管理高，差异达显著水平。小麦各器官中氮素的累积量及向籽粒中的转移量均表现为来自土壤氮高于来自肥料中的氮，说明土壤氮是小麦生长的主要氮源。传统管理籽粒氮素大部分来源于花前累积，转运氮的贡献率为81.65％，优化管理为62.14％。优化管理土壤硝态氮及15 N含量显著低于传统管理；开花期传统管理土壤表层硝态氮及15 N大量累积；收获后40—60 cm土层15 N出现累积峰，氮肥随水向下运移。两种管理方式的小麦当季化肥去向均表现为土壤残留＞作物吸收＞损失；传统管理土壤氮肥残留率高达69.33％，优化管理较低，为39.17％。结论在优化栽培体系中冬小麦施氮量为139 kg／hm2时，小麦籽粒产量达到高产且氮肥高效利用。合理调控氮素投入量以及适度的水分胁迫可以实现水氮高效前提下的作物高产。目的隨著氮肥在農業生產中的廣汎應用，已有許多通過不同施氮水平調控，分析作物養分吸收，提高氮素利用率的相關研究，但是關于高產體繫下作物花前花後氮素利用、轉移規律的研究相對較少。本文探討傳統（ CT）和優化（ YH）兩種栽培體繫對鼕小麥氮素吸收、分配及去嚮的影響。分析高產條件下化肥氮的“作物吸收—土壤殘留—損失”的新變化，解析小麥花前花後氮素利用、轉移規律，探討肥料氮、土壤氮與作物氮之間的關繫。方法在傳統和優化兩種栽培體繫定位試驗中設置15 N微區，採用將15 N標記的尿素錶施的方法，通過測定植株、土壤樣品分析氮素利用特徵。新鮮土壤NH4＋-N和NO3－-N含量採用TRACCS 2000型流動分析儀測定。15 N土壤及植物全氮用美國THERMO finnigan公司的穩定同位素質譜儀Delta plus XP測定。結果在該試驗條件下，優化管理小麥籽粒產量和吸氮量均顯著高于傳統處理，分彆比傳統管理高35％和34％。優化管理15 N利用率比傳統管理高，差異達顯著水平。小麥各器官中氮素的纍積量及嚮籽粒中的轉移量均錶現為來自土壤氮高于來自肥料中的氮，說明土壤氮是小麥生長的主要氮源。傳統管理籽粒氮素大部分來源于花前纍積，轉運氮的貢獻率為81.65％，優化管理為62.14％。優化管理土壤硝態氮及15 N含量顯著低于傳統管理；開花期傳統管理土壤錶層硝態氮及15 N大量纍積；收穫後40—60 cm土層15 N齣現纍積峰，氮肥隨水嚮下運移。兩種管理方式的小麥噹季化肥去嚮均錶現為土壤殘留＞作物吸收＞損失；傳統管理土壤氮肥殘留率高達69.33％，優化管理較低，為39.17％。結論在優化栽培體繫中鼕小麥施氮量為139 kg／hm2時，小麥籽粒產量達到高產且氮肥高效利用。閤理調控氮素投入量以及適度的水分脅迫可以實現水氮高效前提下的作物高產。
목적수착담비재농업생산중적엄범응용，이유허다통과불동시담수평조공，분석작물양분흡수，제고담소이용솔적상관연구，단시관우고산체계하작물화전화후담소이용、전이규률적연구상대교소。본문탐토전통（ CT）화우화（ YH）량충재배체계대동소맥담소흡수、분배급거향적영향。분석고산조건하화비담적“작물흡수—토양잔류—손실”적신변화，해석소맥화전화후담소이용、전이규률，탐토비료담、토양담여작물담지간적관계。방법재전통화우화량충재배체계정위시험중설치15 N미구，채용장15 N표기적뇨소표시적방법，통과측정식주、토양양품분석담소이용특정。신선토양NH4＋-N화NO3－-N함량채용TRACCS 2000형류동분석의측정。15 N토양급식물전담용미국THERMO finnigan공사적은정동위소질보의Delta plus XP측정。결과재해시험조건하，우화관리소맥자립산량화흡담량균현저고우전통처리，분별비전통관리고35％화34％。우화관리15 N이용솔비전통관리고，차이체현저수평。소맥각기관중담소적루적량급향자립중적전이량균표현위래자토양담고우래자비료중적담，설명토양담시소맥생장적주요담원。전통관리자립담소대부분래원우화전루적，전운담적공헌솔위81.65％，우화관리위62.14％。우화관리토양초태담급15 N함량현저저우전통관리；개화기전통관리토양표층초태담급15 N대량루적；수획후40—60 cm토층15 N출현루적봉，담비수수향하운이。량충관리방식적소맥당계화비거향균표현위토양잔류＞작물흡수＞손실；전통관리토양담비잔류솔고체69.33％，우화관리교저，위39.17％。결론재우화재배체계중동소맥시담량위139 kg／hm2시，소맥자립산량체도고산차담비고효이용。합리조공담소투입량이급괄도적수분협박가이실현수담고효전제하적작물고산。
Objectives]Nitrogen fertilizer having been widely used in agricultural production, many studies illustrated the efficiency of nitrogen, however, few studies showed the nitrogen accumulation and transport at the anthesis and maturity stages of winter wheat in high-yielding system.A field experiment was conducted to determine effects of different management patterns on uptake, distribution and fate of nitrogen in winter wheat.We indicated impacts of optimizing nitrogen and water management on “N uptake-soil residues-loss”, explored nitrogen accumulation and transport at the anthesis and maturity stages, and identified fate of nitrogen.[Methods]Two management patterns [ i.e., conventional pattern ( CT ) and optimized pattern ( YH ) in nitrogen and water management] were designed through establishing 15 N-micropolt experiments in the field. We analyzed the characteristics and nitrogen utilization by measuring soil and plant samples.NH4+-N and NO3--N in the fresh soil samples were analyzed using continuous flow analysis (TRAACS 2000) in laboratory.15N in the soil and plant were determined using the Delta plus XP.[Results] Under the experimental conditions, the differences in grain yields and nitrogen uptakes of wheat between the optimized and conventional treatments are significant.Compared to the conventional treatment, the grain yield and nitrogen uptake under YH are increased by 35.23% and 34.39%, respectively.The rate of 15 N utilization of the conventional treatment (18.19%) is significantly lower than that of the optimized treatment (34.81%) .The amounts of accumulated nitrogen in the crop aboveground organs and the amounts of transferred nitrogen to grain from soil nitrogen are significantly higher than those from fertilizer nitrogen. Therefore, soil nitrogen is the main nitrogen source of wheat.The nitrogen in seed mostly comes from the accumulation before the flowering, and the contribution rates of transporting nitrogen by organs of the conventional and optimized patterns are 81.65%and 62.14%respectively.After the wheat harvest, the contents of nitrate and 15 N in 0-100 cm soil of the optimized pattern are significantly lower than those of the conventional pattern.The 15 N contents under CT with soil depth increase at the first and then decrease, with the accumulation peak in 40-60 cm. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is as follows:soil residual>crop uptake>loss.The residual nitrogen rate in soil of the conventional pattern is up to 69.33% which is significantly higher than that of the optimized pattern (39.17%) .[Conclusions] It can be reached that high levels of grain yield and use efficiency of nitrogen with nitrogen controlled at around 139 kg/ha.Thus, we conclude that less nitrogen and reasonable water stress not only raise the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer but also increase food production.