双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹研究
쌍계만갱도담비정학운주연구
Nitrogen managements of late japonica rice in double-cropping rice area
  • 万方数据
    植物营养与肥料学报 식물영양여비료학보
    PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
    2014年 5期 1063-1075 ,共13页

    许轲%张军%张洪程%花劲%郭保卫%霍中洋%戴其根%魏海燕%高辉%周培建%程飞虎%黄大山%陈忠平%陈国梁

    허가%장군%장홍정%화경%곽보위%곽중양%대기근%위해연%고휘%주배건%정비호%황대산%진충평%진국량

    晚粳稻%氮肥运筹%产量形成%氮素吸收利用%稻米品质 晚粳稻%氮肥運籌%產量形成%氮素吸收利用%稻米品質
    만갱도%담비운주%산량형성%담소흡수이용%도미품질
    late japonica rice%nitrogen management%yield formation%nitrogen use efficiency%grain quality
    目的我国南方双季稻区晚稻品种以籼稻为主。近年来我国粳米需求量逐渐增大，研究者提出了利用南方双季稻区充足的温光等资源进行晚季稻“籼改粳”以提高粳稻总产量。系统研究双季晚粳稻高产、优质和高效的氮肥运筹方式就显得十分重要。方法20112012年，在南方典型双季稻区江西省上高县泗溪镇，以杂交粳稻常优5号和甬优8号为晚稻材料，在总施纯氮量225 kg／hm2条件下，设置10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、3∶7七种基蘖肥与穗肥运筹比例，通过研究不同氮肥运筹方式对双季晚粳稻产量及其构成因素、叶面积指数、茎蘖动态、光合物质生产与积累、氮素吸收利用以及稻米品质等方面的影响，明确了南方稻区双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹模式。结果随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低，结实率、千粒重和每穗粒数呈先增加后减少的趋势，穗数呈减少趋势。氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥比例在6∶47∶3范围内，双季晚粳稻群体穗数充足、穗型大、群体颖花量高，且结实率和千粒重较稳定，产量显著高于其他处理，最高产量为9985 kg／hm2。拔节前群体茎蘖数增加较慢，但高峰苗数适宜，拔节后群体茎蘖数下降平缓，茎蘖成穗率显著高于其他处理，高于70％；生育中期和后期，群体叶面积指数较高，群体光合势高，光合生产力强，干物质积累量显著提高。随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例降低，成熟期氮素积累总量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力均呈先增加后减少的趋势，百公斤稻谷需氮量呈先减少后增加的趋势。6∶4和7∶3处理拔节前氮素积累量较少，拔节至抽穗期氮素积累量和成熟期积累量显著高于其他处理。6∶4和7∶3处理氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力显著高于其他处理，百公斤稻谷需氮量显著低于其他处理。氮肥表观利用率与基蘖肥比例呈开口向下的二次曲线关系。同时该氮肥运筹模式可改善稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味和营养品质，但增加了稻米垩白率和垩白度，RVA谱特征值各指标不能同时达到最佳值。结论基蘖肥∶穗肥为6∶47∶3的氮肥运筹方案，可使双季晚粳稻高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。
    목적아국남방쌍계도구만도품충이선도위주。근년래아국갱미수구량축점증대，연구자제출료이용남방쌍계도구충족적온광등자원진행만계도“선개갱”이제고갱도총산량。계통연구쌍계만갱도고산、우질화고효적담비운주방식취현득십분중요。방법20112012년，재남방전형쌍계도구강서성상고현사계진，이잡교갱도상우5호화용우8호위만도재료，재총시순담량225 kg／hm2조건하，설치10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、3∶7칠충기얼비여수비운주비례，통과연구불동담비운주방식대쌍계만갱도산량급기구성인소、협면적지수、경얼동태、광합물질생산여적루、담소흡수이용이급도미품질등방면적영향，명학료남방도구쌍계만갱도담비정학운주모식。결과수기얼비점총시담량비례적강저，결실솔、천립중화매수립수정선증가후감소적추세，수수정감소추세。담비기얼비여수비비례재6∶47∶3범위내，쌍계만갱도군체수수충족、수형대、군체영화량고，차결실솔화천립중교은정，산량현저고우기타처리，최고산량위9985 kg／hm2。발절전군체경얼수증가교만，단고봉묘수괄의，발절후군체경얼수하강평완，경얼성수솔현저고우기타처리，고우70％；생육중기화후기，군체협면적지수교고，군체광합세고，광합생산력강，간물질적루량현저제고。수기얼비점총시담량비례강저，성숙기담소적루총량、담비표관이용솔、담비농학이용솔급담비편생산력균정선증가후감소적추세，백공근도곡수담량정선감소후증가적추세。6∶4화7∶3처리발절전담소적루량교소，발절지추수기담소적루량화성숙기적루량현저고우기타처리。6∶4화7∶3처리담비표관이용솔、농학이용솔급편생산력현저고우기타처리，백공근도곡수담량현저저우기타처리。담비표관이용솔여기얼비비례정개구향하적이차곡선관계。동시해담비운주모식가개선도미가공품질、증자식미화영양품질，단증가료도미성백솔화성백도，RVA보특정치각지표불능동시체도최가치。결론기얼비∶수비위6∶47∶3적담비운주방안，가사쌍계만갱도고산、우질、고효득도교호적협조통일。
    Objectives]The indica rice has been planted as the major variety of late-season rice in double-cropping rice regions in South China.In recent years, due to the gradually increasing demand of japonica rice observed in most provinces of China, the project of “indica to japonica” in late season has been proposed in order to produce more japonica rice, which may benefit from the sufficient temperature and light in South China.To achieve high yield, good quality and high efficiency of japonica rice production, it is critical to determine the most effective split application of fertilizer nitrogen at the tillering and panicle stages.[Methods]Therefore, field experiments were conducted at the farm of Zenxi Town, Shanggao County, Jiangxi Province, China in late rice-growing seasons in 2011-2012.Two hybrid japonica rice cultivars, i.e., Changyou-5 and Yongyou-8, were grown by applying basal-tillering-fertilizer and panicle-fertilizer in different proportions ( i.e., 10∶0, 8∶2, 7∶3, 6∶4, 5∶5, 4∶6 and 3∶7) , respectively at the same gross nitrogen application rate of 225 kg/ha.Subsequently, the effects of the nitrogen application strategies on yield and its formation, leaf area index( LAI) , stems and tillers dynamic change, dry matter production and accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency and rice quality of late japonica rice were analyzed and compared.[Results]It was found that the number of panicles decreased while the filled-grain percentage, 1000-grain weight and spikelets per panicle first increased and then decreased with decreasing basal-tillering-fertilizer proportion, and panicle-fertilizer in the proportions of 6∶4 and 7∶3 led to larger panicle population, bigger panicles, larger spikelet population, more stable filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight, and higher rice yields ( as high as 9985 kg/ha) .When the two treatments of 6∶4 and 7∶3 were compared, before jointing stage, the population of stems and tillers increased slowly to an appropriate peak value, and then decreased gently after jointing stage.The spike rate was significantly higher than that in the other treatments.During middle and late growth stages, the population had significantly higher dry matter production and accumulation with larger LAI and photosynthetic potential.It as also found that, when the ratio of basal-tillering fertilizer to total nitrogen decreased, the total N accumulation in the mature stage, the apparent nitrogen use efficiency ( ANUE) , agronomic efficiency (AE) and partial factor productivity of applied N ( PFP) increased first and then decreased while the nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain decreased first and then increased.The treatments with the proportions of 6∶4 and 7∶3 led to significantly higher total nitrogen accumulation, apparent nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), agronomic efficiency ( AE) and partial factor productivity of applied N ( PFP) as well as lower nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain than the other treatments from jointing stage to panicle stage.The relation between ANUE and ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer could be represented by a quadratic curve opening downward.In addition, the application of basal-tillering-fertilizer and panicle-fertilizer in the proportions of 6∶4 or 7∶3 can also improve the cooking, eating and nutritional qualities of rice although the two treatments increased rice chalkiness grain percentage and degree of chalkiness, and they cannot improve the RVA profile characters.[Conclusions]In general, the treatments with the proportions of 6∶4 and 7∶3 can achieve high-yield and good quality japonica rice production with high N use efficiency in double-cropping rice regions.
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