CAJ | 학술논문

病虫害是威胁我国水稻安全生产的重要因素之一。但从宏观上研究其发生与为害特征的报告不多。基于我国植物保护统计数据、水稻产量数据和农田土地覆盖类型遥感数据，重点分析2000年至2010年11年期间我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征。结果表明：2000年到2010年期间，我国水稻病害、虫害年均发生面积分别为2.85亿亩次和7.26亿亩次，其年均防治面积分别为7.28亿亩次和14.72亿亩次；11年期间水稻病虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积和防治程度均波动增加。防治水稻病害、虫害后，分别挽回稻谷为1114.49万t、2288.27万t，其挽回损失量在11年期间分别增加了38.34%、37.51%，表明水稻病虫害防治意义重大。但由于气候变化等诸多因子，导致2000年到2010年我国水稻病害、虫害年均造成的实际稻谷损失量仍分别为206.52万t与291.35万t，说明水稻病虫害的防控还有提升的空间。从全国各省分布来看，水稻病虫害发生分布较广的省份有东北区域的黑龙江、吉林、辽宁；华东区域的山东、江苏、安徽、江西；华中区域的河南、湖北、湖南；华南区域的广西、海南；西南区域的四川。为有效地防止或减少病虫害对水稻产量的损失，应加强全球变化下区域性稻田生态系统病虫害生态调控研究，建立相应的防控新对策与技术体系。
병충해시위협아국수도안전생산적중요인소지일。단종굉관상연구기발생여위해특정적보고불다。기우아국식물보호통계수거、수도산량수거화농전토지복개류형요감수거，중점분석2000년지2010년11년기간아국수도병충해발생여위해특정。결과표명：2000년도2010년기간，아국수도병해、충해년균발생면적분별위2.85억무차화7.26억무차，기년균방치면적분별위7.28억무차화14.72억무차；11년기간수도병충해적발생면적、발생정도、방치면적화방치정도균파동증가。방치수도병해、충해후，분별만회도곡위1114.49만t、2288.27만t，기만회손실량재11년기간분별증가료38.34%、37.51%，표명수도병충해방치의의중대。단유우기후변화등제다인자，도치2000년도2010년아국수도병해、충해년균조성적실제도곡손실량잉분별위206.52만t여291.35만t，설명수도병충해적방공환유제승적공간。종전국각성분포래간，수도병충해발생분포교엄적성빈유동북구역적흑룡강、길림、료녕；화동구역적산동、강소、안휘、강서；화중구역적하남、호북、호남；화남구역적엄서、해남；서남구역적사천。위유효지방지혹감소병충해대수도산량적손실，응가강전구변화하구역성도전생태계통병충해생태조공연구，건립상응적방공신대책여기술체계。
Frequent outbreaks of diseases and insect pests are important factors threatening the rice production in China. But little research has been reported about the characteristics of occurrence and damage from diseases and insect pests in macroscopic view. Using statistical data of plant protection, rice yields, and land coverage type distribution by remote sensing in China, this paper focused on analyzing the tendency of diseases and insect pests in occurrence, loss, and its spatial distribution ranges in rice crop from 2000 to 2010. Results showed that the yearly mean occurrence areas of diseases and insect pests were 285 and 726 million Mu/time, while the mean prevention and control areas were 728 and 1,472 million Mu/time, respectively. The occurrence areas, occurrence intensity, prevention and control areas, prevention and control intensity of diseases and insect pests in rice gradually increased during this period. The mean saved loss yield of rice from diseases and insect pests were 11.1449 and 22.8827 million tons, increasing by 38.34%and 37.51%, respectively, which indicated that prevention and control of diseases and insect pests were of great significance to the rice production. But the yearly mean actual loss yield of rice from diseases and insect pests were still 2.0652 and 2.9135 million tons, as result of external factors such as climate changes, suggesting that further efforts should to be done to promote the ability of prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. Rice diseases and pest insects were mainly distributed in the major grain producing areas in Northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jiling and Liaoning), Eastern China (Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui), Mid-China (Henan, Hubei and Hunan), Southern China (Guangxi, Hainan) and Southwestern China (Sichuan). In order to effectively prevent or reduce the effects of biological disasters on the safe rice production, the ecological environment of farmland should be improved to promote the integrated pest management researches on regional farmland ecosystem, and then to take further corresponding countermeasures and technical architecture.