生态环境学报
生態環境學報
생태배경학보
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
2014年
12期
1946-1952
,共7页
张歌%陈义珍%刘厚凤%杨欣%赵妤希
張歌%陳義珍%劉厚鳳%楊訢%趙妤希
장가%진의진%류후봉%양흔%조여희
北京市%灰霾%能见度%PM2.5
北京市%灰霾%能見度%PM2.5
북경시%회매%능견도%PM2.5
Beijing%regional haze%visibility%PM2.5
灰霾天气能见度较低，除影响人们日常生产活动和交通运输外，空气中携带的有毒有害细粒子严重危害人们的生命健康。近几年，北京市加大治霾力度，虽取得一定成绩，但灰霾天气仍然频发。为进一步更好地治理北京灰霾，为制定政策提供依据，须了解北京地区灰霾污染特征，因此，对北京市2013年6月到2014年5月的气象观测数据和PM2.5质量浓度进行了统计分析。文章统计了不同强度灰霾的分布，分析了PM2.5质量浓度与能见度的相关关系，在此基础上，研究了PM2.5质量浓度影响能见度变化程度的分界点。研究结果表明：研究期间，北京地区出现灰霾时总计4572 h，发生频率为56.2%，灰霾日总计233 d，频率为64.4%，呈冬季>春季>夏季>秋季；湿霾最易发生在夏季，干霾最易发生在冬季，分别占当季灰霾时的17.6%和59.0%；全年不同强度霾发生小时数呈现轻微霾>重度霾>轻度霾>中度霾，其中，轻微霾时数1625 h，重度霾1163 h，轻度霾1101 h，中度霾683 h；研究期间PM2.5质量浓度呈夏季低冬季高的显著变化趋势，PM2.5日均质量浓度达一级空气质量标准59 d，达二级标准159 d，达标率分别为17.7%和47.74%；PM2.5小时质量浓度与能见度呈负相关性较高的幂函数关系（置信度取99%，P<0.01），无高湿条件影响下，空气中细颗粒物对能见度的影响更为直接；北京地区在改善能见度的过程中，通过降低1μg·m-3的PM2.5，使能见度改善大于或远大于1 km的概率仅为18.9%，而在50.4%的时段内仅能使能见度的改善小于或远小于0.1 km。
灰霾天氣能見度較低，除影響人們日常生產活動和交通運輸外，空氣中攜帶的有毒有害細粒子嚴重危害人們的生命健康。近幾年，北京市加大治霾力度，雖取得一定成績，但灰霾天氣仍然頻髮。為進一步更好地治理北京灰霾，為製定政策提供依據，鬚瞭解北京地區灰霾汙染特徵，因此，對北京市2013年6月到2014年5月的氣象觀測數據和PM2.5質量濃度進行瞭統計分析。文章統計瞭不同彊度灰霾的分佈，分析瞭PM2.5質量濃度與能見度的相關關繫，在此基礎上，研究瞭PM2.5質量濃度影響能見度變化程度的分界點。研究結果錶明：研究期間，北京地區齣現灰霾時總計4572 h，髮生頻率為56.2%，灰霾日總計233 d，頻率為64.4%，呈鼕季>春季>夏季>鞦季；濕霾最易髮生在夏季，榦霾最易髮生在鼕季，分彆佔噹季灰霾時的17.6%和59.0%；全年不同彊度霾髮生小時數呈現輕微霾>重度霾>輕度霾>中度霾，其中，輕微霾時數1625 h，重度霾1163 h，輕度霾1101 h，中度霾683 h；研究期間PM2.5質量濃度呈夏季低鼕季高的顯著變化趨勢，PM2.5日均質量濃度達一級空氣質量標準59 d，達二級標準159 d，達標率分彆為17.7%和47.74%；PM2.5小時質量濃度與能見度呈負相關性較高的冪函數關繫（置信度取99%，P<0.01），無高濕條件影響下，空氣中細顆粒物對能見度的影響更為直接；北京地區在改善能見度的過程中，通過降低1μg·m-3的PM2.5，使能見度改善大于或遠大于1 km的概率僅為18.9%，而在50.4%的時段內僅能使能見度的改善小于或遠小于0.1 km。
회매천기능견도교저，제영향인문일상생산활동화교통운수외，공기중휴대적유독유해세입자엄중위해인문적생명건강。근궤년，북경시가대치매력도，수취득일정성적，단회매천기잉연빈발。위진일보경호지치리북경회매，위제정정책제공의거，수료해북경지구회매오염특정，인차，대북경시2013년6월도2014년5월적기상관측수거화PM2.5질량농도진행료통계분석。문장통계료불동강도회매적분포，분석료PM2.5질량농도여능견도적상관관계，재차기출상，연구료PM2.5질량농도영향능견도변화정도적분계점。연구결과표명：연구기간，북경지구출현회매시총계4572 h，발생빈솔위56.2%，회매일총계233 d，빈솔위64.4%，정동계>춘계>하계>추계；습매최역발생재하계，간매최역발생재동계，분별점당계회매시적17.6%화59.0%；전년불동강도매발생소시수정현경미매>중도매>경도매>중도매，기중，경미매시수1625 h，중도매1163 h，경도매1101 h，중도매683 h；연구기간PM2.5질량농도정하계저동계고적현저변화추세，PM2.5일균질량농도체일급공기질량표준59 d，체이급표준159 d，체표솔분별위17.7%화47.74%；PM2.5소시질량농도여능견도정부상관성교고적멱함수관계（치신도취99%，P<0.01），무고습조건영향하，공기중세과립물대능견도적영향경위직접；북경지구재개선능견도적과정중，통과강저1μg·m-3적PM2.5，사능견도개선대우혹원대우1 km적개솔부위18.9%，이재50.4%적시단내부능사능견도적개선소우혹원소우0.1 km。
Airborne particles can cause damage to human health and reduce visibility, leading to regional haze pollution and thus affecting our daily life and transportation activities. In recent years, Beijing municipal government has strengthened the control policy to reduce Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations. Although the PM2.5 level decreases, the regional haze pollution still occurs frequently. To further and better understand the characteristics of the PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and provide control strategies to the government for policy making, an extensive analysis of the observed meteorological and PM2.5data is essential. In this study, observations of the meteorological parameters and PM2.5concentrations from June 2013 to May 2014 were statistically analyzed. The distribution of regional haze at different strength level, and the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and visibility were studied. Based on that, the various cut-off points of low visibility related to the PM2.5 level were found. The results indicated that the regional haze occurred totally up to 4572 hours and 233 days, which are approximately 56.2% of the studied hours and 64.4% of the studied days, respectively. The sequence of the occurrence of haze days in different seasons was: winter > spring > summer > autumn. The damp haze happened mostly in summer, while the dry haze happened mostly in winter, accounting for 17.6% and 59.0% of the haze days in that season, respectively. The trend of haze with different intensity was: light haze > heavy haze > slight haze > moderate haze, occurring 1625 h, 1163 h, 1101 h, and 683 h during the study period. The PM2.5 concentration had a high negative correlation with the visibility in the power function (confidence level at 99%,P < 0.01) and showed a more direct effect on the visibility without the influence of high moisture. By decreasing the PM2.5 concentration of 1μg/m3, the probability of improving the visibility greater or far greater than 1 km was only 18.9%, while 50.4% of that was less or far less than 0.1 km.
