农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2015年
4期
277-285
,共9页
李均力%姜亮亮%包安明%常存%白洁%刘海隆
李均力%薑亮亮%包安明%常存%白潔%劉海隆
리균력%강량량%포안명%상존%백길%류해륭
土地利用%遥感%气候变化%水利设施%耕地%时空变化特征%玛纳斯流域
土地利用%遙感%氣候變化%水利設施%耕地%時空變化特徵%瑪納斯流域
토지이용%요감%기후변화%수리설시%경지%시공변화특정%마납사류역
land use%remote sensing%climate change%water conservancy facilities%cultivated land%spatio-temporal change characteristics%Manas basin
为分析近几十年来玛纳斯流域水资源开发密集开发条件下耕地景观的时空变化，采用1962年、1977年、1989年、2000年和2010年5期遥感影像进行土地利用制图，并针对耕地信息，分别从时间变化过程、类型转化关系、空间格局等方面分析了近50 a来面积变化的时空特征，从气候变化与灌区建设的角度探讨了水资源空间配置与耕地扩张的关系。结果表明：1）近50 a来耕地和建设用地面积持续增加，未利用地、湿地和冰川雪地持续减少，草地在前20年增加、后30年减少；土地利用的变化程度总体上由剧烈逐渐趋于缓和；2）整体上耕地的变化由双向转化期逐渐过渡到单向转入期，草地和未利用地为各期主要转入类型，建设用地和草地为主要转出类型，各期的转入面积远大于转出面积，耕地总面积持续、快速增长。3）耕地扩张的重心由城市周边转向荒漠地区、由上游地区逐渐转移到下游，先后在昌吉、呼图壁、沙湾县、主要河流两岸及北部荒漠地区扩张，耕地景观也由杂乱破碎转的斑块转为成片连续的耕地带，耕地在景观中的优势进一步加强。4）耕地面积的扩张与降水和河川径流量的增加有关，耕地的扩张速度与方向与水库的空间分布及建成时间有明显的相关性，水库及灌渠建成的后一个时段往往会伴随一轮耕地的快速扩张。流域内水资源开发的潜力不足，已不能满足耕地的大规模扩张。适当控制耕地规模、优化用水结构、提高水资源利用效率，是集约化农业发展、生态环境保护的关键。
為分析近幾十年來瑪納斯流域水資源開髮密集開髮條件下耕地景觀的時空變化，採用1962年、1977年、1989年、2000年和2010年5期遙感影像進行土地利用製圖，併針對耕地信息，分彆從時間變化過程、類型轉化關繫、空間格跼等方麵分析瞭近50 a來麵積變化的時空特徵，從氣候變化與灌區建設的角度探討瞭水資源空間配置與耕地擴張的關繫。結果錶明：1）近50 a來耕地和建設用地麵積持續增加，未利用地、濕地和冰川雪地持續減少，草地在前20年增加、後30年減少；土地利用的變化程度總體上由劇烈逐漸趨于緩和；2）整體上耕地的變化由雙嚮轉化期逐漸過渡到單嚮轉入期，草地和未利用地為各期主要轉入類型，建設用地和草地為主要轉齣類型，各期的轉入麵積遠大于轉齣麵積，耕地總麵積持續、快速增長。3）耕地擴張的重心由城市週邊轉嚮荒漠地區、由上遊地區逐漸轉移到下遊，先後在昌吉、呼圖壁、沙灣縣、主要河流兩岸及北部荒漠地區擴張，耕地景觀也由雜亂破碎轉的斑塊轉為成片連續的耕地帶，耕地在景觀中的優勢進一步加彊。4）耕地麵積的擴張與降水和河川徑流量的增加有關，耕地的擴張速度與方嚮與水庫的空間分佈及建成時間有明顯的相關性，水庫及灌渠建成的後一箇時段往往會伴隨一輪耕地的快速擴張。流域內水資源開髮的潛力不足，已不能滿足耕地的大規模擴張。適噹控製耕地規模、優化用水結構、提高水資源利用效率，是集約化農業髮展、生態環境保護的關鍵。
위분석근궤십년래마납사류역수자원개발밀집개발조건하경지경관적시공변화，채용1962년、1977년、1989년、2000년화2010년5기요감영상진행토지이용제도，병침대경지신식，분별종시간변화과정、류형전화관계、공간격국등방면분석료근50 a래면적변화적시공특정，종기후변화여관구건설적각도탐토료수자원공간배치여경지확장적관계。결과표명：1）근50 a래경지화건설용지면적지속증가，미이용지、습지화빙천설지지속감소，초지재전20년증가、후30년감소；토지이용적변화정도총체상유극렬축점추우완화；2）정체상경지적변화유쌍향전화기축점과도도단향전입기，초지화미이용지위각기주요전입류형，건설용지화초지위주요전출류형，각기적전입면적원대우전출면적，경지총면적지속、쾌속증장。3）경지확장적중심유성시주변전향황막지구、유상유지구축점전이도하유，선후재창길、호도벽、사만현、주요하류량안급북부황막지구확장，경지경관야유잡란파쇄전적반괴전위성편련속적경지대，경지재경관중적우세진일보가강。4）경지면적적확장여강수화하천경류량적증가유관，경지적확장속도여방향여수고적공간분포급건성시간유명현적상관성，수고급관거건성적후일개시단왕왕회반수일륜경지적쾌속확장。류역내수자원개발적잠력불족，이불능만족경지적대규모확장。괄당공제경지규모、우화용수결구、제고수자원이용효솔，시집약화농업발전、생태배경보호적관건。
Cultivated land is an important indicator of landscape changes driven by human activities. Mapping the spatio-temporal changes of cultivated lands will help us to understand its corresponding environmental and ecological changes in their downstream areas. The Manas drainage basin is the key area of agricultural region in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains. However, the drastic farmland reclamation in the last 50 years makes irrigation water increasing rapidly, leading to environmental degradation in the downstream of the Manas River. In this paper, remote sensing and GIS technologies are used to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland changes in the Manas drainage basin under the condition of intense soil-water utilization. Firstly, remote sensing images in 1962, 1977, 1989, 2000 and 2010 are applied to map land use changes with the cognition classification software and manual edition. Then the temporal process and spatial pattern of land cover changes are analyzed by geo-statistics and landscape analysis. On the temporal scale, the cultivated land changes and its mutual transition relationships with other land types are analyzed with areal ratio and transition matrix methods; on the spatial scale, GIS spatial analysis tool and landscape class level index are used to describe the characteristics of farmland expansion or shrinking changes in different regions and different land patches. Finally, hydrological data and irrigation construction data are used to explain the impact of climate change and human activities on the farmland landscape. The results show that: (1) The overall land use changes of the Manas drainage basin in the last 50 years are as follows: cultivated land and built-up areas increase continuously, while the unutilized land, wetland and snow/glacier have been decreasing steadily; grassland area is increasing in the former 20 years and then decreasing gradually in the last 30 years; the intensity of land use changes keeps stable after dramatic changes. (2) The overall cultivated land transformations have shifted from outward and inward transformations to single inward transformation; in inward land types, grassland and unutilized land are the main inward land types to farmland, and woodland and wetland take larger percentages in the first 20 years, while less percentages in the later 30 years; in outward land types, built-up land and grassland are the main outward land types, and grassland and unutilized land have larger percentages in the former 20 years due to cultivated land degradation; the total area of inward land types far exceeds than that of the outward land types, and the cultivated land area is steadily increasing in the last 50 years. (3) The focus of cultivated land expansion has shifted from the margins of cities to desert regions, and the newly-increased farmland gradually from the upstream to the downstream; cultivated land expansion firstly begins at the Changji Hutubi and Manas County in the former 20 years, then shifts to Shawan County, the river’s surrounding areas and northern deserts; the cultivated landscapes are characterized from discrete and messy pieces into continuous land patches, so the advantage of cultivated landscape is increasing, while the landscape diversity and heterogeneity are decreasing due to land parcel combinations. (4) The increasing precipitation and runoff in the Manas drainage basin provide more water resource for cultivated land reclamation, and reservoir and irrigation channel construction have positive effects on spatial expansion of the cultivated land; when reservoirs and channels are built up, cultivated land will expand correspondingly in a rapid rate in the next decade, and hence the spatio-temporal processes of farmland expansion have high relations with the irrigation facilities. (5) The increasing water resource induced by climate change cannot keep up with the increasing speed of the farmland, and water resource is in the state of over exploitation; measures must be taken to reduce the amount of irrigated water, so as to improve ecological environments in the downstream of the Manas River.
