农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2015年
3期
242-248
,共7页
胡将军%李海彩%邵庆军%张骞%邵庆林%霍子平
鬍將軍%李海綵%邵慶軍%張鶱%邵慶林%霍子平
호장군%리해채%소경군%장건%소경림%곽자평
污水处理%农村地区%参数优化%多级跌水%生态塘%影响因素
汙水處理%農村地區%參數優化%多級跌水%生態塘%影響因素
오수처리%농촌지구%삼수우화%다급질수%생태당%영향인소
wastewater treatment%rural areas%optimization%multi-level drop aeration%ecological pond%influence factors
针对农村污水流量小浓度高、排放不均匀及降雨冲击等特点，设计多级跌水充氧式沟渠连通生态塘组合工艺，进行水力负荷、运行方式、水量波动、降雨冲击等影响因素及参数优化试验。结果表明：随着水力负荷的增大，污染物的去除率逐渐降低；间歇运行的处理效果优于连续运行；水量的波动导致污染物的去除率也随之变化，其中化学需氧量和氨氮的去除率最大降幅接近20%；总氮去除率的降幅最大，约25%；总磷的去除率最大降幅最小，约15%左右；当降雨规模变大时，组合工艺对各污染物去除率分别从53.95%、52.44%、49.92%、71.64%下降到40.94%、43.75%、34.93%、53.84%。采取地表径流截流措施后，组合工艺对各污染物的去除效果有所改善，去除率的上升与截流倍数的增加近似呈现线性关系，当降雨为暴雨，采取截流倍数为5时，出水水质仍能达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）一级排放标准，对降雨期间农村污水的污染去除具有重要意义。
針對農村汙水流量小濃度高、排放不均勻及降雨遲擊等特點，設計多級跌水充氧式溝渠連通生態塘組閤工藝，進行水力負荷、運行方式、水量波動、降雨遲擊等影響因素及參數優化試驗。結果錶明：隨著水力負荷的增大，汙染物的去除率逐漸降低；間歇運行的處理效果優于連續運行；水量的波動導緻汙染物的去除率也隨之變化，其中化學需氧量和氨氮的去除率最大降幅接近20%；總氮去除率的降幅最大，約25%；總燐的去除率最大降幅最小，約15%左右；噹降雨規模變大時，組閤工藝對各汙染物去除率分彆從53.95%、52.44%、49.92%、71.64%下降到40.94%、43.75%、34.93%、53.84%。採取地錶徑流截流措施後，組閤工藝對各汙染物的去除效果有所改善，去除率的上升與截流倍數的增加近似呈現線性關繫，噹降雨為暴雨，採取截流倍數為5時，齣水水質仍能達到城鎮汙水處理廠汙染物排放標準（GB18918-2002）一級排放標準，對降雨期間農村汙水的汙染去除具有重要意義。
침대농촌오수류량소농도고、배방불균균급강우충격등특점，설계다급질수충양식구거련통생태당조합공예，진행수력부하、운행방식、수량파동、강우충격등영향인소급삼수우화시험。결과표명：수착수력부하적증대，오염물적거제솔축점강저；간헐운행적처리효과우우련속운행；수량적파동도치오염물적거제솔야수지변화，기중화학수양량화안담적거제솔최대강폭접근20%；총담거제솔적강폭최대，약25%；총린적거제솔최대강폭최소，약15%좌우；당강우규모변대시，조합공예대각오염물거제솔분별종53.95%、52.44%、49.92%、71.64%하강도40.94%、43.75%、34.93%、53.84%。채취지표경류절류조시후，조합공예대각오염물적거제효과유소개선，거제솔적상승여절류배수적증가근사정현선성관계，당강우위폭우，채취절류배수위5시，출수수질잉능체도성진오수처리엄오염물배방표준（GB18918-2002）일급배방표준，대강우기간농촌오수적오염거제구유중요의의。
According to the characteristics of sewage dispersion with small flow and high concentration, fluctuation and rainfall impact, the process combining multi-level drop aeration-type ditch and ecological pond was designed to dispose the distributed wastewater of the rural areas in China. The combination process contains five parts: water inlet tank, constant flow pump, multi-level drop aeration-type ditch, ecological pond and water storage tank. Among them, multi-level drop aeration-type ditch includes five sections: advection I, drop I, advection II, drop II and advection III. Each section consists of water inlet area (A), sewage disposal area with gravel and vermiculite laid at the bottom (B) and water outlet area (C). Ditch based on drop aeration is conducive to the growth and metabolism of biofilm in vermiculite. Most of the pollutants can be removed into easily biodegradable organism or small molecular substances, achieving the purpose of purifying water quality. The 50 mm soil rich in microorganisms was laid in the bottom of the ecological pond, and the biozone, which was 50 mm wide and 400 mm long, was fixed on the surface of the pond with the iron shelf for 4 lines and each line has 5 colomns. And they were immersed in the sewage water. One hand, the treatment effect of ecological pond could strengthen the ditch system, and solve the problem of poor treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus; on the other hand, it would take in nitrogen and phosphorus of surface runoff in rainy days, increase the residential time of the rain and strengthen the treatment effect. Meanwhile, the hanging biozone would improve the ecological pond load and purify pollutants efficiently. At last, the hydraulic load, operation mode, water fluctuation, rainfall impact factors and parameters were studied. The results showed that: 1) The average removal rate of pollutant decreased when the hydraulic loading was increasing from 35 to 55 cm/d. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) of the combined process were 62.18%-98.84%, 69.49%-92.46%, 63.37%-88.29% and 63.93%-91.58%, respectively. 2) The treatment effect of intermittent operation was better than the continuous operation. When the combination process was operated intermittently, the average removal rate of COD and NH4+-N was 95.02% and 77.04%, respectively, which was better than constantly running. The average removal rate of TN was 49.10% with a slight decrease, and the average removal rate of TP was 82.61% which remained unchanged. 3) The removal rate of pollutants varied with water fluctuation. The maximum removal rate of COD and NH4+-N was decreased nearly by 20%, and TN was the largest, about 25%, while TP was the least, about 15%. 4) When rainfall was in large-scale, the removal rate of each pollutant in the combined process was declined from 53.95%, 52.44%, 49.92% and 71.64% to 40.94%, 43.75%, 34.93% and 53.84%, respectively. 5) Adopting intercepting measure and controlling first flush pollution was the key of controlling pollution in the combined process. The relationship between removal rate and interception ratio was linear. Taking the interception ratio of 5 in torrential rain, the water quality still reached Class I according to the standard of Discharge Standards of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (GB 18918-2002). It is of great significance to remove rural wastewater during the rainfall.
