农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2015年
3期
159-165
,共7页
杜会英%冯洁%郭海刚%王风%赵君怡%张克强
杜會英%馮潔%郭海剛%王風%趙君怡%張剋彊
두회영%풍길%곽해강%왕풍%조군이%장극강
灌溉%氮%肥水%牛场%冬小麦-夏玉米%累计氮利用率%无机氮残留%氮平衡
灌溉%氮%肥水%牛場%鼕小麥-夏玉米%纍計氮利用率%無機氮殘留%氮平衡
관개%담%비수%우장%동소맥-하옥미%루계담이용솔%무궤담잔류%담평형
irrigation%nitrogen%effluents%dairy%winter wheat-summer maize rotation%accumulative N use efficiency%residual inorganic N%N balance
规模化畜禽养殖废弃物已成为当前重要的污染来源，为有效控制畜禽养殖污水面源污染，将处理后的养殖肥水作为水、氮资源进行农田灌溉，在华北冬小麦–夏玉米轮作灌溉区，连续3 a进行牛场肥水灌溉田间定位试验，研究冬小麦季牛场肥水灌溉对作物产量、氮表观利用率、土壤无机氮残留及轮作体系氮平衡的影响。结果表明，肥水灌溉能显著提高作物产量，肥水灌溉处理（冬小麦生育期内肥水灌溉带入氮为160、240和320 kg/hm2）冬小麦和夏玉米3 a产量平均增幅分别为36.78%和40.82%。随着牛场肥水灌溉年限的推移作物增产效果逐渐明显，冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系作物累计氮利用率逐年升高，6季作物收获后氮累计利用率达47.87%～67.63%，肥水氮后效明显。肥水灌溉增加了100 cm土体内无机氮残留，NO3--N 残留量显著高于 NH4+-N。对冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系氮平衡分析表明，随牛场肥水灌溉带入氮量增加，作物氮累计吸收增加，在冬小麦生育期内肥水氮带入量为160 kg/hm2夏玉米生育期内不施氮处理（T1），氮表观利用率显著高于其他肥水灌溉处理（T2和T3），100 cm土体无机氮残留率和氮表观损失率均显著低于T3处理，与T2处理差异不显著。该试验条件下，综合产量、氮累计利用率及土壤无机氮残留考虑，冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系肥水灌溉适宜氮带入量为160～240 kg/hm2。适量牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦–夏玉米能够增加作物产量，增加作物对肥水氮的利用率，减少氮在土壤中的积累。
規模化畜禽養殖廢棄物已成為噹前重要的汙染來源，為有效控製畜禽養殖汙水麵源汙染，將處理後的養殖肥水作為水、氮資源進行農田灌溉，在華北鼕小麥–夏玉米輪作灌溉區，連續3 a進行牛場肥水灌溉田間定位試驗，研究鼕小麥季牛場肥水灌溉對作物產量、氮錶觀利用率、土壤無機氮殘留及輪作體繫氮平衡的影響。結果錶明，肥水灌溉能顯著提高作物產量，肥水灌溉處理（鼕小麥生育期內肥水灌溉帶入氮為160、240和320 kg/hm2）鼕小麥和夏玉米3 a產量平均增幅分彆為36.78%和40.82%。隨著牛場肥水灌溉年限的推移作物增產效果逐漸明顯，鼕小麥–夏玉米輪作體繫作物纍計氮利用率逐年升高，6季作物收穫後氮纍計利用率達47.87%～67.63%，肥水氮後效明顯。肥水灌溉增加瞭100 cm土體內無機氮殘留，NO3--N 殘留量顯著高于 NH4+-N。對鼕小麥–夏玉米輪作體繫氮平衡分析錶明，隨牛場肥水灌溉帶入氮量增加，作物氮纍計吸收增加，在鼕小麥生育期內肥水氮帶入量為160 kg/hm2夏玉米生育期內不施氮處理（T1），氮錶觀利用率顯著高于其他肥水灌溉處理（T2和T3），100 cm土體無機氮殘留率和氮錶觀損失率均顯著低于T3處理，與T2處理差異不顯著。該試驗條件下，綜閤產量、氮纍計利用率及土壤無機氮殘留攷慮，鼕小麥–夏玉米輪作體繫肥水灌溉適宜氮帶入量為160～240 kg/hm2。適量牛場肥水灌溉鼕小麥–夏玉米能夠增加作物產量，增加作物對肥水氮的利用率，減少氮在土壤中的積纍。
규모화축금양식폐기물이성위당전중요적오염래원，위유효공제축금양식오수면원오염，장처리후적양식비수작위수、담자원진행농전관개，재화북동소맥–하옥미륜작관개구，련속3 a진행우장비수관개전간정위시험，연구동소맥계우장비수관개대작물산량、담표관이용솔、토양무궤담잔류급륜작체계담평형적영향。결과표명，비수관개능현저제고작물산량，비수관개처리（동소맥생육기내비수관개대입담위160、240화320 kg/hm2）동소맥화하옥미3 a산량평균증폭분별위36.78%화40.82%。수착우장비수관개년한적추이작물증산효과축점명현，동소맥–하옥미륜작체계작물루계담이용솔축년승고，6계작물수획후담루계이용솔체47.87%～67.63%，비수담후효명현。비수관개증가료100 cm토체내무궤담잔류，NO3--N 잔류량현저고우 NH4+-N。대동소맥–하옥미륜작체계담평형분석표명，수우장비수관개대입담량증가，작물담루계흡수증가，재동소맥생육기내비수담대입량위160 kg/hm2하옥미생육기내불시담처리（T1），담표관이용솔현저고우기타비수관개처리（T2화T3），100 cm토체무궤담잔류솔화담표관손실솔균현저저우T3처리，여T2처리차이불현저。해시험조건하，종합산량、담루계이용솔급토양무궤담잔류고필，동소맥–하옥미륜작체계비수관개괄의담대입량위160～240 kg/hm2。괄량우장비수관개동소맥–하옥미능구증가작물산량，증가작물대비수담적이용솔，감소담재토양중적적루。
With the development of intensive cultivation of livestock in China, a large number of effluents are produced. However, the treatment and utilization rate of livestock effluents are low, which causes nitrogen and phosphorus losses and the problems of water resource shortage and serious overexploitation of the groundwater for agricultural irrigation in the North China Plain. In order to control the non-point pollution, the experiment was conducted in the North China Plain for 3 years to test the effects of continuous dairy effluent irrigation on crop yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency, residual inorganic N and N balance in winter wheat - summer maize rotation system. The study included five treatments with three replications: No fertilizer and freshwater irrigation in wheat growing season (CK), 2 times dairy effluent irrigation in wheat growing season (T1), 3 times dairy effluent irrigation in wheat growing season (T2), 4 times dairy effluent irrigation in wheat growing season (T3), customized fertilization, inorganic compound fertilizer of 375 kg/hm2 after planting, and 600 kg/hm2 urea application at wheat jointing stage, freshwater irrigation in wheat growing season (CF). The irrigation quota was 830 m3/hm2, and the irrigation quantity was controlled by water Ultrasonic flowmeters. The results showed that dairy effluent irrigation significantly increased the winter wheat and summer maize yield by 36.78% and 40.82% respectively. With the increasing of N application amount, the yield of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased. When the N application amount was 240 kg/hm2, the yield of wheat was the maximum. However, the yield of maize increased with the increasing of N application amount, and when the N application amount was 320 kg/hm2, the yield of maize was the maximum. The yield of wheat increased by 1.56%-12.47% and maize increased by 1.84%-7.27% in the three-year successive harvests, though the N application rates were reduced by 3.61%-51.81% for wheat and by 68.94%-74.89% for maize. The nitrogen accumulation amounts in plant and grain under the treatments with dairy effluent irrigation were significantly higher than those under the treatment CK. There was no significant deference among the treatments T1, T2, T3 and CF in 2011 and 2012, the nitrogen accumulations in winter wheat for the treatments T2, T3 and CF were significantly higher than that for treatment T1. The crop yield increased gradually with the increasing of dairy effluent irrigation span. The crop N use efficiency increased year by year, and in the third year the crop N use efficiency reached 47.87%-67.63%, which was the carryover effect of dairy effluent irrigation. After harvesting winter wheat, with the increasing of nitrogen amount of dairy effluent, the soil nitrate accumulation in 0-100 cm soil layer was increased. The soil nitrate accumulation in 100 cm soil layer of 4 times irrigation was significantly higher than that of 2-3 times irrigation. The dairy effluent irrigation significantly enhanced the residual inorganic N in 0-100 cm soil layer, and the residual nitrate N was apparently more than the residual ammonium N. The results of N balance showed that the N uptake by crop increased with the increasing of N application amount. After the irrigation using dairy effluent in wintering and elongation period of wheat, N use efficiency of crop was significantly greater than that cultivated by normal fertilization and irrigation. Residual inorganic N in 0-100 cm soil layer and apparent N loss were significantly less than that in other dairy effluent irrigation treatments, and decreased by 39.73% and 55.67% respectively than that in the normal fertilization irrigation treatment. Considering crop yield, accumulative N use efficiency and soil inorganic N balance, it is concluded that 2-3 times dairy effluent application is appropriate in winter wheat - summer maize rotation system.
