CAJ | 학술논문

基于“风险评价—规划分区—分别管理”的非点源污染管理思路，采用非点源污染风险评价模型、最佳管理措施（best management practices，BMPs）评估体系及非支配排序遗传算法相耦合的方式，对北京怀柔区北宅小流域非点源污染进行不同空间尺度下最佳管理措施空间优化配置模拟，为小流域非点源污染最佳管理措施的实施，提供决策支持。研究结果表明：1）非点源污染潜力高风险区为距离河道较近受人为活动影响明显的居民区、养殖场和耕地，为重点管理区；2）根据污染物污染控制功效、成本投入以及景观美学功效3个方面综合评价结果对拟实施的BMPs进行综合评分排序，人工湿地、入渗池、绿屋顶、植物蓄留池等以下渗过程为主要污染控制机制类措施，可作为BMPs情景配置的优选措施；3）不同空间尺度下最佳管理措施空间优化配置模拟表明，流域层面BMPs最优方案为为生物滞留池0，湿式滞留池105000元，占总成本的8%，入渗沟469560元，占总成本的92%，总氮、总磷年污染负荷量综合削减率45%；村庄层面BMPs优化配置方案为生物滞留池3105元，占总成本的0.8%；湿式滞留池21000元，占总成本的5.6%；绿屋顶216306元，占总成本的64%；透水性路面110736元，占总成本的29.6%。总氮、总磷年污染负荷综合削减率能够达到46%；农户层面BMPs优化配置方案为绿屋顶0元；雨水罐38元，占总成本的2.5%；生物滞留池675元，占总成本的44.5%；透水性路面805元，占总成本的53%。总氮和总磷两种污染物的年污染负荷削减率65%。
기우“풍험평개—규화분구—분별관리”적비점원오염관리사로，채용비점원오염풍험평개모형、최가관리조시（best management practices，BMPs）평고체계급비지배배서유전산법상우합적방식，대북경부유구북택소류역비점원오염진행불동공간척도하최가관리조시공간우화배치모의，위소류역비점원오염최가관리조시적실시，제공결책지지。연구결과표명：1）비점원오염잠력고풍험구위거리하도교근수인위활동영향명현적거민구、양식장화경지，위중점관리구；2）근거오염물오염공제공효、성본투입이급경관미학공효3개방면종합평개결과대의실시적BMPs진행종합평분배서，인공습지、입삼지、록옥정、식물축류지등이하삼과정위주요오염공제궤제류조시，가작위BMPs정경배치적우선조시；3）불동공간척도하최가관리조시공간우화배치모의표명，류역층면BMPs최우방안위위생물체류지0，습식체류지105000원，점총성본적8%，입삼구469560원，점총성본적92%，총담、총린년오염부하량종합삭감솔45%；촌장층면BMPs우화배치방안위생물체류지3105원，점총성본적0.8%；습식체류지21000원，점총성본적5.6%；록옥정216306원，점총성본적64%；투수성로면110736원，점총성본적29.6%。총담、총린년오염부하종합삭감솔능구체도46%；농호층면BMPs우화배치방안위록옥정0원；우수관38원，점총성본적2.5%；생물체류지675원，점총성본적44.5%；투수성로면805원，점총성본적53%。총담화총린량충오염물적년오염부하삭감솔65%。
Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nutrients from diffusing sources is degrading surface water quality throughout the world, while an increased loss of agricultural nutrients is a growing concern for water quality in drinking water areas of Beijing. Best management practices (BMPs) have been proven to actually reduce nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) pollutant loads from agricultural areas. However, in a watershed with multiple farms and multiple BMPs feasible for implementation, it becomes a daunting task to choose the right combination of BMPs that provides maximum pollution reduction with least implementation costs. Several studies have shown that best BMPs are effective in controlling water pollution. However, those issues affecting water quality need water management plans that take into consideration BMPs selection, placement and affordability. In this study, a framework of “Risk assessment-Planning and zoning- differentiated management” was developed, and it included three tools: 1) A new “risk assessment” tool was introduced for potential loads estimation of N, P and S pollution in BeiZhai small watershed by analyzing social economic data, land use, soil type, water and soil conservation practices and agricultural management measures under current conditions, and then the critical source area was identified according to the pollution loads based on GIS technology; 2) A multi-criteria index ranking system for the BMPs was devised. First, each individual second-level index was assigned a numeric value that was based on site characteristics and information on LIDBMPs. The quantified indices were normalized and then integrated to obtain the score for each first-level index. The final evaluation score of each BMP was then calculated based on the scores for the first-level indices. Finally, the appropriate BMP types for a specific installation site were determined according to the rank of the final evaluation scores, and furthermore the final scores could be served as a first screen and selective reference for the BMP placement and optimization in next step; 3) Three typical areas with different spatial scales were extracted from the BeiZhai small watershed, and a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) was selected as an optimization engine to evaluate the optimal fitness of each BMP combination based on the initial pollutant loadings, targets of pollutant reduction and the costs of BMPs implemented at different spatial scales. The results indicated that: 1) Potential risk evaluation of non-point source pollution in the study area proved that the potential of non-point source pollution was closely related with land use patterns affected by human activities; 2) Comprehensive index values for different measures in a descending order were constructed wetlands, infiltration basin, green roof, wet detention pond and porous pavement, and these could be used as the main practices for the BMP planning; 3) The pollutants loads were reduced by 45% while the total cost (TC) was 574 560 yuan for watershed scale, the pollutants loads were reduced by 46% while the TC reached to 374 660 yuan for the community scale, the total N and P load was reduced by 65% while the TC reached to 1 518 yuan for the farm scale. Therefore, this framework can be served as a decision-making support for non-point source pollution control in the upper watershed of Huairou Reservoir.