中国农业科学
中國農業科學
중국농업과학
SCIENTIA AGRICULTURA SINICA
2015年
9期
1702-1717
,共16页
徐富贤%熊洪%张林%朱永川%蒋鹏%郭晓艺%刘茂
徐富賢%熊洪%張林%硃永川%蔣鵬%郭曉藝%劉茂
서부현%웅홍%장림%주영천%장붕%곽효예%류무
杂交水稻%再生力%产量形成%调控技术
雜交水稻%再生力%產量形成%調控技術
잡교수도%재생력%산량형성%조공기술
hybrid rice%ratooning ability%yield formation%regulation technology
发展再生稻是充分利用秋季光热资源，提高稻田产出效益的一条重要途经。根据已报道资料，结合笔者20余年的研究结果，综述了再生稻产量形成特点及关键调控技术研究进展。主要内容包括：（1）头季稻中上部节的再生穗抽穗期比下部抽穗早、着生叶片数少、出叶速度快、生育期短、穗子小、成穗率和结实率较高。头季稻抽穗后光合物质主要供给穗部籽粒灌浆结实，分配给再生芽生长利用的光合物质极少，是齐穗后大量再生芽开始死亡的机理所在；改善头季稻抽穗期间植株行间的光照条件对再生芽生长的促进作用，必须在一定光合物质供给基础上才能显现。头季稻齐穗后品种间再生力取决于头季稻的叶粒比，强再生力品种头季稻单位颖花的绿叶面积占有量较大，其光合产物满足头季稻高产之后剩余量较多，对再生稻高产提供了重要的物质基础，杂交组合间再生力与穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。（2）水稻品种再生力可分为4级，头季稻及再生稻两季高产品种的库源特征：穗粒数160—190粒、叶粒重比0.0737—0.0827 cm2·mg-1、有效穗232.12—249.40万/hm2、结实率81.54%—85.74%、千粒重28.58—30.07 g、单穗重4.13—4.43 g。（3）促芽肥提高再生力的作用，是通过施氮延缓了头季稻生长后期绿叶衰老速度，提高母茎叶片全氮含量及其净光合速率，增加叶片当时的光合产物向头季稻穗部输入比例，减少先期贮藏于母茎鞘中光合产物向穗部输入量，相对地提高了母茎鞘干物重而增强再生力。促芽肥对再生稻的作用效果在品种间的表现不尽相同，头季稻穗粒数较多的大穗型品种要提早施用促芽肥并增加施用量，才能获得较高的再生稻产量。利用杂交中稻齐穗期剑叶叶绿素计读数（SPAD值）可预测再生稻促芽肥高效施用量；通过防治纹枯病保护头季稻基部叶片和适度烤田提高根系活力，是再生稻高产的重要保证；头季稻收获期的成熟度与再生力呈极显著正相关，以头季稻完熟期再生芽开始破鞘现青时收割头季稻为宜，留桩高度以保留倒2节并高出5—7 cm处割苗即可。（4）针对目前再生稻生产上存在的主要制约因素，即再生稻开花期的低温危害、再生稻大面积产量不平衡和机械收获头季稻对再生稻生产的不利影响，提出了相应的对策与解决途经。（5）提出再生稻理论与技术的研究重点，包括“生态与农艺措施对头季稻后期冠层性状与再生芽生长的多因素互作机制”、“头季稻收割后再生芽停滞于母茎鞘中的原因及其调控途径”、“提高再生稻氮肥利用效率的技术途径”和“适应机械插秧与机械收割的杂交水稻-再生稻配套技术”4个方面。
髮展再生稻是充分利用鞦季光熱資源，提高稻田產齣效益的一條重要途經。根據已報道資料，結閤筆者20餘年的研究結果，綜述瞭再生稻產量形成特點及關鍵調控技術研究進展。主要內容包括：（1）頭季稻中上部節的再生穗抽穗期比下部抽穗早、著生葉片數少、齣葉速度快、生育期短、穗子小、成穗率和結實率較高。頭季稻抽穗後光閤物質主要供給穗部籽粒灌漿結實，分配給再生芽生長利用的光閤物質極少，是齊穗後大量再生芽開始死亡的機理所在；改善頭季稻抽穗期間植株行間的光照條件對再生芽生長的促進作用，必鬚在一定光閤物質供給基礎上纔能顯現。頭季稻齊穗後品種間再生力取決于頭季稻的葉粒比，彊再生力品種頭季稻單位穎花的綠葉麵積佔有量較大，其光閤產物滿足頭季稻高產之後剩餘量較多，對再生稻高產提供瞭重要的物質基礎，雜交組閤間再生力與穗粒數呈極顯著負相關關繫。（2）水稻品種再生力可分為4級，頭季稻及再生稻兩季高產品種的庫源特徵：穗粒數160—190粒、葉粒重比0.0737—0.0827 cm2·mg-1、有效穗232.12—249.40萬/hm2、結實率81.54%—85.74%、韆粒重28.58—30.07 g、單穗重4.13—4.43 g。（3）促芽肥提高再生力的作用，是通過施氮延緩瞭頭季稻生長後期綠葉衰老速度，提高母莖葉片全氮含量及其淨光閤速率，增加葉片噹時的光閤產物嚮頭季稻穗部輸入比例，減少先期貯藏于母莖鞘中光閤產物嚮穗部輸入量，相對地提高瞭母莖鞘榦物重而增彊再生力。促芽肥對再生稻的作用效果在品種間的錶現不儘相同，頭季稻穗粒數較多的大穗型品種要提早施用促芽肥併增加施用量，纔能穫得較高的再生稻產量。利用雜交中稻齊穗期劍葉葉綠素計讀數（SPAD值）可預測再生稻促芽肥高效施用量；通過防治紋枯病保護頭季稻基部葉片和適度烤田提高根繫活力，是再生稻高產的重要保證；頭季稻收穫期的成熟度與再生力呈極顯著正相關，以頭季稻完熟期再生芽開始破鞘現青時收割頭季稻為宜，留樁高度以保留倒2節併高齣5—7 cm處割苗即可。（4）針對目前再生稻生產上存在的主要製約因素，即再生稻開花期的低溫危害、再生稻大麵積產量不平衡和機械收穫頭季稻對再生稻生產的不利影響，提齣瞭相應的對策與解決途經。（5）提齣再生稻理論與技術的研究重點，包括“生態與農藝措施對頭季稻後期冠層性狀與再生芽生長的多因素互作機製”、“頭季稻收割後再生芽停滯于母莖鞘中的原因及其調控途徑”、“提高再生稻氮肥利用效率的技術途徑”和“適應機械插秧與機械收割的雜交水稻-再生稻配套技術”4箇方麵。
발전재생도시충분이용추계광열자원，제고도전산출효익적일조중요도경。근거이보도자료，결합필자20여년적연구결과，종술료재생도산량형성특점급관건조공기술연구진전。주요내용포괄：（1）두계도중상부절적재생수추수기비하부추수조、착생협편수소、출협속도쾌、생육기단、수자소、성수솔화결실솔교고。두계도추수후광합물질주요공급수부자립관장결실，분배급재생아생장이용적광합물질겁소，시제수후대량재생아개시사망적궤리소재；개선두계도추수기간식주행간적광조조건대재생아생장적촉진작용，필수재일정광합물질공급기출상재능현현。두계도제수후품충간재생력취결우두계도적협립비，강재생력품충두계도단위영화적록협면적점유량교대，기광합산물만족두계도고산지후잉여량교다，대재생도고산제공료중요적물질기출，잡교조합간재생력여수립수정겁현저부상관관계。（2）수도품충재생력가분위4급，두계도급재생도량계고산품충적고원특정：수립수160—190립、협립중비0.0737—0.0827 cm2·mg-1、유효수232.12—249.40만/hm2、결실솔81.54%—85.74%、천립중28.58—30.07 g、단수중4.13—4.43 g。（3）촉아비제고재생력적작용，시통과시담연완료두계도생장후기록협쇠로속도，제고모경협편전담함량급기정광합속솔，증가협편당시적광합산물향두계도수부수입비례，감소선기저장우모경초중광합산물향수부수입량，상대지제고료모경초간물중이증강재생력。촉아비대재생도적작용효과재품충간적표현불진상동，두계도수립수교다적대수형품충요제조시용촉아비병증가시용량，재능획득교고적재생도산량。이용잡교중도제수기검협협록소계독수（SPAD치）가예측재생도촉아비고효시용량；통과방치문고병보호두계도기부협편화괄도고전제고근계활력，시재생도고산적중요보증；두계도수획기적성숙도여재생력정겁현저정상관，이두계도완숙기재생아개시파초현청시수할두계도위의，류장고도이보류도2절병고출5—7 cm처할묘즉가。（4）침대목전재생도생산상존재적주요제약인소，즉재생도개화기적저온위해、재생도대면적산량불평형화궤계수획두계도대재생도생산적불리영향，제출료상응적대책여해결도경。（5）제출재생도이론여기술적연구중점，포괄“생태여농예조시대두계도후기관층성상여재생아생장적다인소호작궤제”、“두계도수할후재생아정체우모경초중적원인급기조공도경”、“제고재생도담비이용효솔적기술도경”화“괄응궤계삽앙여궤계수할적잡교수도-재생도배투기술”4개방면。
The development of ratooning rice is a vital way to achieve a full utilization of the solar-thermal resources in autumn, and promote the profit of rice field. On the basis of the reported data and the research results of the author’s study for more than 20 years, the research reviews and the research progress of yield formation mechanism and key control techniques of ratooning rice were summarized. The main results include that: (1) Compared with the lower regeneration buds, the mid-upper regeneration buds of main crop had an earlier heading date, a fewer number of leaves, a faster speed of leaf emergence, shorter growth period, higher bearing panicle rate and grain filing percentage. The mechanism of a large number of regeneration buds’death after full heading of main crop was mainly due to main photosynthate allocation to grains and fewer to regeneration buds during the main crop grain filling period. Regeneration bud growth depends upon not only the improved light condition at the base of main crop plant population, but also the biomass supply. The difference in ratooning ability among cultivars varied with the leaf-grain ratio of main crop. The higher the leaf-grain ratio at heading stage, the more the photosynthetic matter remained in the basic stems for ratooning rice growing at harvesting date of main crop, as a consequence, the better ratooning ability was gained as well. There was a high and significant negative correlation between the ratooning ability and the spikelets per panicle among varieties. (2) The ratooning ability could be divided into 4 stages based on the sink-source characteristics of the main crop and grain yield of ratooning rice. The high-yielding cultivars for main crop and ratooning rice would have the following sink-source traits:160-190 spikelets per panicle, the ratio of leaf area to grain weight 0.0737-0.0827 cm2 per mg, panicles 232.12×104-249.40×104per ha, grain filling percentage 81.54%-85.74%, 1000-grain weight 28.58-30.07 g, and grain weight 4.13-4.43 g per panicle. (3) The reason why N applying for bud development (NABD) was beneficial to increasing grain yield of ratooning rice is that N application delayed the functional leaves senescence of main crop at the late grain filling stage, improved nitrogen content of leaf and net photosynthetic rate of main crop, increased ratio of leaf photosynthetic products flowing into panicle, reduced the amount of photosynthetic products from initial storage in main stem input panicle, relatively improved stem-sheath dry weight and enhanced ratooning ability of main crop. The difference of the effects of NABD on ratooning rice varied with rice cultivars. By applying more NABD at an earlier stage, for the main crop with large panicle (higher spikelets per panicle), the grain yield of ratooning rice could be increased. The optimum date of NABD is about at full heading of the main crop. The method of estimation of efficient rate of NABD using chlorophyll meter reading (SPAD value) of flag leaf at the full heading stage of main crop in mid-season hybrid rice was found. The protection basal leaves of main crop by controlling sheath blight and enhancing root activity through reduction of paddy soil moisture posed an important assurance of high yield for ratooning rice. There was a significant and positive correlation between ripe degrees of main crop and ratooning ability. The optimum harvesting date is at complete ripe date for grains of main crop. The appropriate height for cutting seedlings is at 5-7 cm above 2nd node from the top of mother stem. (4) Aiming at the main factors restraining ratooning rice production, for example, lower temperature at heading stage of ratooning rice, a big yield gap existed among ratooning rice production areas, and the bad effect that machine harvesting main crop had on ratooning rice production, solutions to above the problems were put forward accordingly. (5) The research focus on theory and technology of ratooning rice in the future was pointed out. First, multi-factor interaction mechanism of ecological conditions and agronomic practices on canopy characteristics after full heading stage of main crop and regeneration bud growth. Second, the main cause of regeneration bud stagnation after main crop harvesting and its regulation approach. Third, the technology approach for improving nitrogen use efficiency of ratooning rice. Fourth, the study on the techniques of hybrid rice-ratooning rice’s adaption to machinery transplanting and harvesting.
