中国农业科学
中國農業科學
중국농업과학
SCIENTIA AGRICULTURA SINICA
2015年
7期
1348-1360
,共13页
刘海涛%胡克林%李保国%任图生
劉海濤%鬍剋林%李保國%任圖生
류해도%호극림%리보국%임도생
基础土壤性质%冬小麦%夏玉米%水氮过程%根区水质模型
基礎土壤性質%鼕小麥%夏玉米%水氮過程%根區水質模型
기출토양성질%동소맥%하옥미%수담과정%근구수질모형
soil profile basic properties%winter wheat%maize%water and nitrogen movement%Root Zone Water Quality Model
【目的】华北平原地区是中国最重要的冬小麦和夏玉米生产基地，不同农田土壤基础性质差异是造成该地区农田生产力空间变异的基本原因。通过研究该地区冲积始成土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤剖面性质对水氮过程以及作物产量形成的影响，以期为该地区高产农田的水氮利用与管理提供参考。【方法】选取位于山东省泰安市研究区3块具有不同土壤基础性质且产量存在显著性差异的农田，进行3年田间试验，测定土壤剖面的土壤基本性质，具体包括机械组成、饱和导水率、田间持水量、永久萎蔫点、有机碳、全氮；监测土壤剖面0—160 cm的水分和硝态氮的动态变化以及作物生物量、叶面积指数和产量等。运用根区水质模型（RZWQM）对各农田的水氮过程进行模拟计算。【结果】RZWQM 模型在整体上可以很好地模拟2009年10月至2012年9月3年不同基础土壤性质农田水分、无机氮、作物产量、地上部生物量和叶面积动态特征，并计算各农田水氮平衡项。各农田土壤基础性质差异对水氮过程及产量形成的影响具体为：高产农田0—160 cm 剖面的最大有效贮水量为223 mm，分别高出中产和低产农田28和56 mm，同时30 cm 深度以下土层具有相对较低的饱和导水率。该基础性质差异使得高产农田年均水分损失（地表径流+深层渗漏）仅为150.3 mm，分别低于中产和低产农田5.7和26.4 mm，从而使高产农田作物受到相对低的水分胁迫。高产农田土壤表层土壤有机碳含量较中低产田高，而碳氮比则较低，使得高产农田具有更高的净矿化氮量（较中产和低产农田高52.0和82.6 kg·hm-2），且较低的氮损失（氨挥发+氮淋洗+反硝化作用），较中产和低产农田分别少6.9和10.9 kg·hm-2。高产农田的水分利用效率（WUE）为2.32 kg·m-3，分别较中产和低产农田高12.1%和6.8%，这是因为高产农田受到较低的氮素胁迫。在本研究区不同土壤基础性质农田的氮素利用效率（NUE）差异不显著。【结论】在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区，理想的土体构型能够存储更多的有效水，高土壤有机碳含量和低的碳氮比能矿化出更多的无机氮，保障了充足的水氮供应，减缓作物受到的水氮胁迫，从而获得高产。
【目的】華北平原地區是中國最重要的鼕小麥和夏玉米生產基地，不同農田土壤基礎性質差異是造成該地區農田生產力空間變異的基本原因。通過研究該地區遲積始成土鼕小麥-夏玉米輪作農田土壤剖麵性質對水氮過程以及作物產量形成的影響，以期為該地區高產農田的水氮利用與管理提供參攷。【方法】選取位于山東省泰安市研究區3塊具有不同土壤基礎性質且產量存在顯著性差異的農田，進行3年田間試驗，測定土壤剖麵的土壤基本性質，具體包括機械組成、飽和導水率、田間持水量、永久萎蔫點、有機碳、全氮；鑑測土壤剖麵0—160 cm的水分和硝態氮的動態變化以及作物生物量、葉麵積指數和產量等。運用根區水質模型（RZWQM）對各農田的水氮過程進行模擬計算。【結果】RZWQM 模型在整體上可以很好地模擬2009年10月至2012年9月3年不同基礎土壤性質農田水分、無機氮、作物產量、地上部生物量和葉麵積動態特徵，併計算各農田水氮平衡項。各農田土壤基礎性質差異對水氮過程及產量形成的影響具體為：高產農田0—160 cm 剖麵的最大有效貯水量為223 mm，分彆高齣中產和低產農田28和56 mm，同時30 cm 深度以下土層具有相對較低的飽和導水率。該基礎性質差異使得高產農田年均水分損失（地錶徑流+深層滲漏）僅為150.3 mm，分彆低于中產和低產農田5.7和26.4 mm，從而使高產農田作物受到相對低的水分脅迫。高產農田土壤錶層土壤有機碳含量較中低產田高，而碳氮比則較低，使得高產農田具有更高的淨礦化氮量（較中產和低產農田高52.0和82.6 kg·hm-2），且較低的氮損失（氨揮髮+氮淋洗+反硝化作用），較中產和低產農田分彆少6.9和10.9 kg·hm-2。高產農田的水分利用效率（WUE）為2.32 kg·m-3，分彆較中產和低產農田高12.1%和6.8%，這是因為高產農田受到較低的氮素脅迫。在本研究區不同土壤基礎性質農田的氮素利用效率（NUE）差異不顯著。【結論】在華北平原鼕小麥-夏玉米輪作區，理想的土體構型能夠存儲更多的有效水，高土壤有機碳含量和低的碳氮比能礦化齣更多的無機氮，保障瞭充足的水氮供應，減緩作物受到的水氮脅迫，從而穫得高產。
【목적】화북평원지구시중국최중요적동소맥화하옥미생산기지，불동농전토양기출성질차이시조성해지구농전생산력공간변이적기본원인。통과연구해지구충적시성토동소맥-하옥미륜작농전토양부면성질대수담과정이급작물산량형성적영향，이기위해지구고산농전적수담이용여관리제공삼고。【방법】선취위우산동성태안시연구구3괴구유불동토양기출성질차산량존재현저성차이적농전，진행3년전간시험，측정토양부면적토양기본성질，구체포괄궤계조성、포화도수솔、전간지수량、영구위언점、유궤탄、전담；감측토양부면0—160 cm적수분화초태담적동태변화이급작물생물량、협면적지수화산량등。운용근구수질모형（RZWQM）대각농전적수담과정진행모의계산。【결과】RZWQM 모형재정체상가이흔호지모의2009년10월지2012년9월3년불동기출토양성질농전수분、무궤담、작물산량、지상부생물량화협면적동태특정，병계산각농전수담평형항。각농전토양기출성질차이대수담과정급산량형성적영향구체위：고산농전0—160 cm 부면적최대유효저수량위223 mm，분별고출중산화저산농전28화56 mm，동시30 cm 심도이하토층구유상대교저적포화도수솔。해기출성질차이사득고산농전년균수분손실（지표경류+심층삼루）부위150.3 mm，분별저우중산화저산농전5.7화26.4 mm，종이사고산농전작물수도상대저적수분협박。고산농전토양표층토양유궤탄함량교중저산전고，이탄담비칙교저，사득고산농전구유경고적정광화담량（교중산화저산농전고52.0화82.6 kg·hm-2），차교저적담손실（안휘발+담림세+반초화작용），교중산화저산농전분별소6.9화10.9 kg·hm-2。고산농전적수분이용효솔（WUE）위2.32 kg·m-3，분별교중산화저산농전고12.1%화6.8%，저시인위고산농전수도교저적담소협박。재본연구구불동토양기출성질농전적담소이용효솔（NUE）차이불현저。【결론】재화북평원동소맥-하옥미륜작구，이상적토체구형능구존저경다적유효수，고토양유궤탄함량화저적탄담비능광화출경다적무궤담，보장료충족적수담공응，감완작물수도적수담협박，종이획득고산。
[Objective]The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the major winter wheat and maize production areas in China. Spatial variance of soil basic properties is one of the main reasons for the spatial variance in the grain yield. This study was carried out in order to quantify the effects of soil profile basic properties differences on water and nitrogen movement and crop yield in the farmland with the soil type of Alluvial Cambisols, and crop system of winter wheat and maize rotation in the NCP. Results of the study will give some suggestions on promoting grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency in NCP. [Method]Three plots of field in Tai’an, Shandong Province with different soil profile basic properties and yield levels were selected as the three treatments and consistent field management strategies were applied in these fields. The soil profile properties such as soil particle size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), field water capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN), soil moisture and nitrate content at the 0-160 cm soil profile, crop growth and grain yield were measured for three years. The water and N movement and balance were simulated using the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM).[Result]The dynamic of soil moisture, nitrate content, grain yield, aboveground biomass and LAI between Oct 2009 and Sep 2012 was precisely simulated by RZWQM, water and nitrogen balance was got from the model. The effects of basic soil properties on soil water and nitrogen movement, and yield was as follows: The maximum soil available moisture in 0-160 cm depth in the high yield field was 223 mm, which was 28 mm and 56 mm higher than the values in the intermediate yield field and low yield field, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity at the >30 cm soil layers in the high yield field was lower than the values in the intermediate yield field and low yield field. These basic property differences resulted in the water loss (runoff + drainage) in the high yield field (150.3 mm) was 5.7 mm and 26.4 mm less than the intermediate yield field and low yield field. Thus less water stress occurred in most of time in the high yield field. The soil organic carbon and C﹕N ratio in the high yield field was higher than intermediate and low yield fields which resulted in higher organic matter mineralization rate (52.0 kg·hm-2 and 82.6 kg·hm-2 higher than the values in intermediate yield field and lower yield field). The nitrogen loss (ammonia volatilization + leaching +denitrification) in high yield field was 6.9 kg·hm-2 and 10.9 kg·hm-2 less than the values in the intermediate yield field and low yield field. Thus less nitrogen stress occurred in most of time in high yield field. The water use efficiency (WUE) in the high yield field was 2.32 kg·m-3, which was 12.1% and 6.87% higher than the values in the intermediate yield field and low yield field, respectively. That was caused by less nitrogen stress in the high yield field. There was no significant difference in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the fields with different basic properties in this study.[Conclusion]The soil basic properties such as higher soil profile available water moisture, superior profile saturated hydraulic conductivity distribution, higher soil organic carbon and lower C﹕N ratio can promote water and nitrogen supply, decrease water and nitrogen loss. The farmland in the crop system of winter wheat and maize rotation in NCP with these soil basic properties suffers less water and nitrogen stress, and thus leading to high yield.
