CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】在中国集约化蔬菜种植区，传统的高水肥投入导致土壤氮素大量累积，致使氮素淋洗到土壤深层或进入地下水，造成地下水硝酸盐污染。种植填闲作物可控制和减少土壤深层硝态氮的累积，因此，本研究探讨不同填闲作物种类对消减土壤剖面累积硝态氮及下季作物生长的影响，筛选出适宜的填闲作物种类。【方法】以华北平原传统棚室黄瓜菜田为对象，在蔬菜休闲期通过种植深根型填闲作物，利用其根系发达、生长迅速、吸氮量大的特点，促使土层中硝态氮大量消耗，以消减土壤剖面根层NO3--N累积和降低土壤剖面NO3--N淋失。以此为目标，设置甜玉米、苋菜、甜高粱及休闲田间小区试验，采集测定土壤、植株及根系样品，分析不同填闲作物的消减效果。【结果】在这3种填闲作物中，甜玉米的生物量和吸氮量最大，整体根长密度大于其它填闲种类。从对土壤剖面NO3--N的消减能力来说，甜玉米的消减能力最高。2008、2009及2010年，甜玉米对0—200 cm土层土壤NO3--N的消减量分别为153.8、605.7和56.3 kg·hm-2。3年休闲期后，第一季前茬休闲处理的黄瓜产量、生物量及吸氮量均最高，在产量、吸氮量上与其他处理差异显著；第二季、第三季，前茬休闲的产量、生物量和吸氮量与其他处理差异不显著；填闲作物的种植并没有对黄瓜产量造成影响，并且黄瓜收获后土壤NO3--N含量明显降低。氮素表观平衡中0—200 cm土层，甜玉米-黄瓜的氮素亏缺量较大，说明甜玉米能显著降低土壤NO3--N的残留。种植填闲作物能够达到经济效益和生态效益的双赢，甜玉米、苋菜与甜高粱可分别为农民带来39467、497和16522元/hm2的净收入。【结论】棚室菜田夏季种植填闲作物不仅可以消减土壤剖面根层NO3--N累积，而且对下茬黄瓜产量未造成显著影响，黄瓜收获后土壤NO3--N含量也会明显降低；在设施蔬菜轮作体系中引入填闲作物具有可行性，甜玉米为较佳的填闲作物。【目的】在中國集約化蔬菜種植區，傳統的高水肥投入導緻土壤氮素大量纍積，緻使氮素淋洗到土壤深層或進入地下水，造成地下水硝痠鹽汙染。種植填閒作物可控製和減少土壤深層硝態氮的纍積，因此，本研究探討不同填閒作物種類對消減土壤剖麵纍積硝態氮及下季作物生長的影響，篩選齣適宜的填閒作物種類。【方法】以華北平原傳統棚室黃瓜菜田為對象，在蔬菜休閒期通過種植深根型填閒作物，利用其根繫髮達、生長迅速、吸氮量大的特點，促使土層中硝態氮大量消耗，以消減土壤剖麵根層NO3--N纍積和降低土壤剖麵NO3--N淋失。以此為目標，設置甜玉米、莧菜、甜高粱及休閒田間小區試驗，採集測定土壤、植株及根繫樣品，分析不同填閒作物的消減效果。【結果】在這3種填閒作物中，甜玉米的生物量和吸氮量最大，整體根長密度大于其它填閒種類。從對土壤剖麵NO3--N的消減能力來說，甜玉米的消減能力最高。2008、2009及2010年，甜玉米對0—200 cm土層土壤NO3--N的消減量分彆為153.8、605.7和56.3 kg·hm-2。3年休閒期後，第一季前茬休閒處理的黃瓜產量、生物量及吸氮量均最高，在產量、吸氮量上與其他處理差異顯著；第二季、第三季，前茬休閒的產量、生物量和吸氮量與其他處理差異不顯著；填閒作物的種植併沒有對黃瓜產量造成影響，併且黃瓜收穫後土壤NO3--N含量明顯降低。氮素錶觀平衡中0—200 cm土層，甜玉米-黃瓜的氮素虧缺量較大，說明甜玉米能顯著降低土壤NO3--N的殘留。種植填閒作物能夠達到經濟效益和生態效益的雙贏，甜玉米、莧菜與甜高粱可分彆為農民帶來39467、497和16522元/hm2的淨收入。【結論】棚室菜田夏季種植填閒作物不僅可以消減土壤剖麵根層NO3--N纍積，而且對下茬黃瓜產量未造成顯著影響，黃瓜收穫後土壤NO3--N含量也會明顯降低；在設施蔬菜輪作體繫中引入填閒作物具有可行性，甜玉米為較佳的填閒作物。
【목적】재중국집약화소채충식구，전통적고수비투입도치토양담소대량루적，치사담소림세도토양심층혹진입지하수，조성지하수초산염오염。충식전한작물가공제화감소토양심층초태담적루적，인차，본연구탐토불동전한작물충류대소감토양부면루적초태담급하계작물생장적영향，사선출괄의적전한작물충류。【방법】이화북평원전통붕실황과채전위대상，재소채휴한기통과충식심근형전한작물，이용기근계발체、생장신속、흡담량대적특점，촉사토층중초태담대량소모，이소감토양부면근층NO3--N루적화강저토양부면NO3--N림실。이차위목표，설치첨옥미、현채、첨고량급휴한전간소구시험，채집측정토양、식주급근계양품，분석불동전한작물적소감효과。【결과】재저3충전한작물중，첨옥미적생물량화흡담량최대，정체근장밀도대우기타전한충류。종대토양부면NO3--N적소감능력래설，첨옥미적소감능력최고。2008、2009급2010년，첨옥미대0—200 cm토층토양NO3--N적소감량분별위153.8、605.7화56.3 kg·hm-2。3년휴한기후，제일계전치휴한처리적황과산량、생물량급흡담량균최고，재산량、흡담량상여기타처리차이현저；제이계、제삼계，전치휴한적산량、생물량화흡담량여기타처리차이불현저；전한작물적충식병몰유대황과산량조성영향，병차황과수획후토양NO3--N함량명현강저。담소표관평형중0—200 cm토층，첨옥미-황과적담소우결량교대，설명첨옥미능현저강저토양NO3--N적잔류。충식전한작물능구체도경제효익화생태효익적쌍영，첨옥미、현채여첨고량가분별위농민대래39467、497화16522원/hm2적정수입。【결론】붕실채전하계충식전한작물불부가이소감토양부면근층NO3--N루적，이차대하치황과산량미조성현저영향，황과수획후토양NO3--N함량야회명현강저；재설시소채륜작체계중인입전한작물구유가행성，첨옥미위교가적전한작물。
Objective]In intensive vegetable growing areas in China, the traditional high water and fertilizer inputs led to high soil nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen leaching into the deep layers of soil or groundwater, thus resulting in contamination of groundwater. Growing catch crops could control and reduce migration deep nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil to groundwater, therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different catch crops species on reducing nitrate accumulation in soil profile and crop growth in the next season, select the appropriate catch crop species.[Method]The field experiment was conducted in the traditional cropping systems of greenhouse in North China Plain. In the fallow period of vegetables, deep roots-catch crops including sweet corn, amaranth, and sweet sorghum were planted in order to employ their root systems, fast growing and large amount of nitrogen uptake to promote soil nitrate nitrogen consumption, reduce nitrate accumulation in the root layer of soil profile and nitrate leaching of soil profile. Fallow field plots were also designed. Soil, plant and root samples were collected and measured, and the reduction effects of different catch crop species were analyzed.[Result]The results indicated that among the three species, sweet corn was the best in biomass production, N uptake, and root length density. From the effect of soil profile NO3--N reduction, sweet corn was the best among them, the reduction of NO3--N was 153.76, 605.70, and 56.3 kg·hm-2 in 2008, 2009, and 2010. In the first quarter, the previous crop of cucumber was the highest in yield, N uptake and biomass production, and there was a significant difference with others in yield and N uptake. In the second and third quarters, there were no too clear difference in yield, N uptake and biomass production. Catch crops had little effect on vegetable production, but also reduced the accumulation of soil NO3--N. The N deficient ullage of sweet corn-cucumber was larger in 0-200 cm soil layer of the N apparent balance, which showed that sweet corn could obviously reduce the accumulation of soil NO3--N in the N apparent balance. Planting catch crops could obtain economic and ecological profits, and farmers obtained higher economic profits from sweet corn, amaranth and sweet sorghum, the values were 39 467, 497 and 16 522 yuan/hm2, respectively.[Conclusion]Catch crops planted in greenhouse in summer could not only reduce nitrate accumulation in the root layer of soil profile, but also have little effect on cucumber production and obviously reduced the accumulation of soil NO3--N. In greenhouse vegetable crop rotation system, the introduction of catch crops is feasible, sweet corn is a better catch crop species.