CAJ | 학술논문

坎儿井在吐鲁番地区灌溉、人畜饮水和环境保护等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。坎儿井常年自流出水，非灌溉期间水量除满足很少的生活用水以外，大部分水量无效蒸发而白白浪费。该文在分析吐鲁番地区坎儿井地质条件和坎儿井独特的运行机制的基础上，提出坎儿井水量人为控制技术——辐射管增水和水量控制技术。该技术的主要思想是：衬砌加固坎儿井集水段，并在集水段头部打设水平方向辐射管，改原坎儿井侧壁集水为辐射管集水，并在衬砌体内各个辐射管出水口接到一个汇水总管上，总管末端设置节制阀门，用于人为控制水量；利用立体建模的方法建立了增设辐射管的坎儿井渗流计算三维模型，论证了该技术的可行性。结果表明：利用辐射井技术改造后的坎儿井，集水范围扩大，单个坎儿井出水流量可以达到原来的2倍以上，效果十分明显；设置节制阀能够克服坎儿井水量无法控制的缺陷，是保护吐鲁番地区十分珍贵的地下水资源的有效手段。该技术的推广对坎儿井地下水资源的涵养与坎儿井保护具有重要意义。
감인정재토로번지구관개、인축음수화배경보호등방면발휘착불가체대적작용。감인정상년자류출수，비관개기간수량제만족흔소적생활용수이외，대부분수량무효증발이백백낭비。해문재분석토로번지구감인정지질조건화감인정독특적운행궤제적기출상，제출감인정수량인위공제기술——복사관증수화수량공제기술。해기술적주요사상시：츤체가고감인정집수단，병재집수단두부타설수평방향복사관，개원감인정측벽집수위복사관집수，병재츤체체내각개복사관출수구접도일개회수총관상，총관말단설치절제벌문，용우인위공제수량；이용입체건모적방법건립료증설복사관적감인정삼류계산삼유모형，론증료해기술적가행성。결과표명：이용복사정기술개조후적감인정，집수범위확대，단개감인정출수류량가이체도원래적2배이상，효과십분명현；설치절제벌능구극복감인정수량무법공제적결함，시보호토로번지구십분진귀적지하수자원적유효수단。해기술적추엄대감인정지하수자원적함양여감인정보호구유중요의의。
Karez is a great ancient water conservancy project, which is still playing an irreplaceable role in local irrigation, drinking water, and environmental protection in Turpan. Due to artesian water all year around, apart from meeting a few needs of domestic-water use in non-irrigation periods, most of the water evaporates, leading to water waste. Based on the analysis of geological conditions and the unique operating mechanism of Turpan’s Karez, in this paper, radiation tube was proposed to increase and control water. The main idea of this technique is to reinforce the Karez catchment segments and set up horizontal radiation tubes in the head of the catchment; it means changing the original Karez sidewall catchment into radiation tube catchment. The radiation tube outlet must be connected to the main water pipe, setting the control valve to control the amount of water flow artificially. A numerical simulation method was used to investigate how the radiation tube affected the groundwater of local area, how much water increased, how tubes were reasonablly settled in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. A Karez’s radiation tube system seepage field model was established by using a three-dimensional modeling method to calculate the seepage field. The model parameters were from actual working conditions. The results showed that: 1) Total head contour changed from high to low from upstream to downstream strata, and the total head contour of the central part of the downstream strata being lower than the left and right, resulting in the water catchment capacity of Karez; At the same time, there was a significant reduction in total head contour in the same position after addition of radiation tubes, indicating that adding radiation tubes can lower the groundwater level; 2) Compared with the calculation results of no radiation tubes, radiation tubes could reduce the seepage line significantly; After addition of radiation tubes, water catchment capability greatly increased in the Karez-Radiation tube system; Under normal effluent conditions, seepage line were lowered to the top of the Karez, the range also was expanded a lot, which means that the effect of radiation tubes is obvious; 3) Scope of catchment would be expanded and water flow could reach more than double after the transformation of the Karez by utilizing the radiation well; The water scope of the Karez system after transformation increased to 1644-3967 m3/d; 4) After closing the valve when the water was full in the compartment of the water main, the total head contour changed smoothly. This explained that when the valve was closed, groundwater did not flow from the main pipe, radiation tubes stopped from collecting water. Thus, the setting of a control valve can overcome the deficiencies that the amount of Karez water cannot control. It is a very precious and effective method of protecting groundwater resources in the Turpan region.