农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2015年
8期
7-14
,共8页
王慧杰%郝建平%冯瑞云%南洋%杨淑巧%南建福
王慧傑%郝建平%馮瑞雲%南洋%楊淑巧%南建福
왕혜걸%학건평%풍서운%남양%양숙교%남건복
棉花%土壤%品质控制%微孔穴深松耕%土壤紧实度
棉花%土壤%品質控製%微孔穴深鬆耕%土壤緊實度
면화%토양%품질공제%미공혈심송경%토양긴실도
cotton%soils%quality control%microhole subsoiling%soil compaction
长期传统耕作导致土壤紧实形成犁底层是影响农田土壤质量和作物生长的关键障碍因子之一。为解决这一问题，于2013年4月至2014年5月在山西运城南花农场开展为期1 a的大田试验，对比研究微孔深松耕技术和旋耕机旋耕15～20 cm的传统耕作方法对土壤紧实度以及棉籽品质性状和生长发育的影响。结果表明：微孔深松耕技术较传统耕作方式，棉花苗期犁底层40 cm处土壤紧实度由9069.70降低到558.80 kPa，吐絮期犁底层40 cm处的土壤紧实度由8089.70降低到1174.20 kPa，吐絮期0～40 cm土层中微孔深松耕土壤容重最大为1.05 g/cm3，传统耕作最大为1.56 g/cm3；在>30 cm土层中，微孔深松耕的总根量比传统耕作方式多187.03%；微孔深松耕处理棉株棉铃的5室铃率较传统耕作增加15.00%，每个棉瓤的种子数平均增加1～2粒；棉籽的籽指、密度、绒长均明显增加，脂肪含量显著降低（P<0.05），蛋白质含量显著增加（P<0.05），单株铃数比传统耕作增加6.34%，铃质量增加5.75%，皮棉产量增加10.12%。效益分析表明，采用微孔穴深松耕作种植棉花，每公顷净收益增加3338.00元。该研究揭示了微孔深松耕作可有效打破犁底层，具有疏松土壤紧实度，并提高棉籽品质增加棉花产量，为该项技术应用于生产提供试验依据。
長期傳統耕作導緻土壤緊實形成犛底層是影響農田土壤質量和作物生長的關鍵障礙因子之一。為解決這一問題，于2013年4月至2014年5月在山西運城南花農場開展為期1 a的大田試驗，對比研究微孔深鬆耕技術和鏇耕機鏇耕15～20 cm的傳統耕作方法對土壤緊實度以及棉籽品質性狀和生長髮育的影響。結果錶明：微孔深鬆耕技術較傳統耕作方式，棉花苗期犛底層40 cm處土壤緊實度由9069.70降低到558.80 kPa，吐絮期犛底層40 cm處的土壤緊實度由8089.70降低到1174.20 kPa，吐絮期0～40 cm土層中微孔深鬆耕土壤容重最大為1.05 g/cm3，傳統耕作最大為1.56 g/cm3；在>30 cm土層中，微孔深鬆耕的總根量比傳統耕作方式多187.03%；微孔深鬆耕處理棉株棉鈴的5室鈴率較傳統耕作增加15.00%，每箇棉瓤的種子數平均增加1～2粒；棉籽的籽指、密度、絨長均明顯增加，脂肪含量顯著降低（P<0.05），蛋白質含量顯著增加（P<0.05），單株鈴數比傳統耕作增加6.34%，鈴質量增加5.75%，皮棉產量增加10.12%。效益分析錶明，採用微孔穴深鬆耕作種植棉花，每公頃淨收益增加3338.00元。該研究揭示瞭微孔深鬆耕作可有效打破犛底層，具有疏鬆土壤緊實度，併提高棉籽品質增加棉花產量，為該項技術應用于生產提供試驗依據。
장기전통경작도치토양긴실형성리저층시영향농전토양질량화작물생장적관건장애인자지일。위해결저일문제，우2013년4월지2014년5월재산서운성남화농장개전위기1 a적대전시험，대비연구미공심송경기술화선경궤선경15～20 cm적전통경작방법대토양긴실도이급면자품질성상화생장발육적영향。결과표명：미공심송경기술교전통경작방식，면화묘기리저층40 cm처토양긴실도유9069.70강저도558.80 kPa，토서기리저층40 cm처적토양긴실도유8089.70강저도1174.20 kPa，토서기0～40 cm토층중미공심송경토양용중최대위1.05 g/cm3，전통경작최대위1.56 g/cm3；재>30 cm토층중，미공심송경적총근량비전통경작방식다187.03%；미공심송경처리면주면령적5실령솔교전통경작증가15.00%，매개면양적충자수평균증가1～2립；면자적자지、밀도、융장균명현증가，지방함량현저강저（P<0.05），단백질함량현저증가（P<0.05），단주령수비전통경작증가6.34%，령질량증가5.75%，피면산량증가10.12%。효익분석표명，채용미공혈심송경작충식면화，매공경정수익증가3338.00원。해연구게시료미공심송경작가유효타파리저층，구유소송토양긴실도，병제고면자품질증가면화산량，위해항기술응용우생산제공시험의거。
During long-term conventional tillage, frequent use of heavy farm machinery in field operations results in narrow soil effective (plow) layer and thick plow pan. The plow pan resulting from soil compaction is a key constraint on soil quality and crop growth in cultivated land. To address this problem, microhole subsoiling is an alternative to conventional tillage. By reducing the tillage area, microhole subsoiling breaks the plow pan and increases soil permeability, which facilitates root growth into deeper soil, improves uptake of water and nutrients by plant, and reduces surface soil structure damage. Presently, the effects of microhole subsoiling on soil environment, cotton growth and development, and seed quality traits are not well understood. A comparative study of microhole subsoiling and conventional tillage (control) was conducted by one-year field experiment on the Nanhua Farm in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, China (April 2013 to May 2014). Microhole subsoiling was implemented by vertical drilling using a soil auger with the diameter of 8 cm. Vertical subsoiling was conducted to 80 cm depth in a hole-like pattern at specific intervals. In microhole-subsoiled plots, the actual tillage area was about 239.2 m2/hm2, i.e., only 2.39%of total area. At the seedling stage, soil compaction remained almost unchanged and less than 558.8 kPa at 0-40 cm depth in microhole-subsoiled plots, whereas that in control plots was significantly higher and up to 9 069.7 kPa at>20 cm depth. At the boll opening stage, soil compaction increased slowly up to 1 174.2 kPa in microhole-subsoiled plots, while that in control plots reached a maximum of 8 089.7 kPa. Meanwhile, soil bulk density in microhole-subsoiled plots remained lower and decreased from 1.56 to 1.05 g/cm3 at>35-40 cm depth. Owing to the loosening of deeper soil, microhole subsoiling effectively induced cotton roots to go deeper. The main root reached the depth of over 80 cm depth in microhole-subsoiled plots and<70 cm depth in control plots. At the depth of below 30 cm, microhole subsoiling doubled root biomass (19.77%of total root biomass) and increased lateral roots (32.62% of total lateral root) compared with the control (9.81% of total root biomass and 19.42%of total lateral root). The 5-room boll rate was 15%higher and the number of seeds per cotton pulp was greater by from 1 to 2 in microhole-subsoiled plots than in control plots. At the second and fifth seed positions, cotton seed index, proportion and fiber length were significantly higher in the former than in the latter by 0.03 g, 0.035 g/cm3 and 2.25 mm, respectively. Similar trends were observed in the emergence and healthy seedling rates, i.e., 1.01% and 2.27% higher in microhole-subsoiled plots than in control plots, respectively. The mortality and weak seedling rates were 0.92% and 1.41%lower in the former than in the latter. Seed protein was significantly higher (P<0.05) while seed fat content was significantly lower (P<0.05) in microhole-subsoiled plots than in control plots. Additionally, the number of bolls per plant, boll weight and lint yield were 6.34%, 5.75% and 10.12% higher in microhole-subsoiled plots than in control plots, respectively. Benefit analysis showed that compared with the control, microhole subsoiling improved the net income of cotton cultivation by 3 338.00 yuan/hm2. This benefit was mainly due to cotton yield increased significantly, seed sowing rate reduced effectively and relatively less input of tillage cost. This study revealed that that microhole subsoiling could effectively break local plow pan, thus alleviating soil compaction and reducing soil bulk density. The improvements of soil environment would induce cotton roots to go deeper and increase the number of lateral roots, thus improving seed quality and cotton yield. Microhole subsoiling overcame the environmental problems caused by conventional tillage regarding high energy consumption and severe soil surface damage, and achieved the goal of improving land productivity. The results presented provide the experimental evidence for the application of microhole subsoiling in cotton production.
