草业学报
草業學報
초업학보
PRATACULTURAL SCIENCE
2015年
4期
57-65
,共9页
沼液%土壤养分%淋溶%温度
沼液%土壤養分%淋溶%溫度
소액%토양양분%림용%온도
biogas slurry%soil nutrients%temperature%leaching
沼液因其养分利用率高，被广泛应用于农业生产中，而环境温度可通过影响土壤的物理化学性质，影响沼液养分的淋溶损失。试验采用土柱模拟法，研究了不同环境温度对土壤沼液养分淋溶的影响，旨在揭示不同季节土壤养分淋溶可能存在的差异，为生产中合理施用沼液提供理论依据。土柱规格为内径7．5 cm、高20 cm 的聚氯乙烯（PVC）管，按每公顷施入0，130和260 kg N，设置每土柱沼液灌溉总量为0，200和400 mL。按当地年平均降雨量的70％计算实际浇灌量为1500 mL，分5次每隔6 d 模拟不同降雨次数进行浇灌。沼液浇灌前用清水补足不足部分并混匀。土柱放置于20和30℃的温室培养，每次淋溶后收集土壤淋溶液，测定其全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷和电导率。结果表明，施用沼液后淋溶液中氮、磷、钾淋失量较清水对照显著增大，其中40 mL 沼液水平下，全氮含量平均增加73％，全磷含量增加880％，全钾含量增加388％，且随着沼液用量的增加淋溶液中的养分浓度呈增加趋势。环境温度的提高增加了沼液养分在土壤中的淋溶损失，30℃时淋溶液中的硝态氮、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷含量及电导率整体高于20℃，其中全氮平均提高14．68％，全磷平均提高33．59％，全钾平均提高24．08％。整体而言，30℃下沼液养分较20℃时更易发生淋失。因此，在农业生产中，应适当减少夏季高温时的沼液施用次数，增加春秋季节施用次数，但沼液用量不要超过130 kg N／hm2，防止沼液养分大量流失，污染周边环境。
沼液因其養分利用率高，被廣汎應用于農業生產中，而環境溫度可通過影響土壤的物理化學性質，影響沼液養分的淋溶損失。試驗採用土柱模擬法，研究瞭不同環境溫度對土壤沼液養分淋溶的影響，旨在揭示不同季節土壤養分淋溶可能存在的差異，為生產中閤理施用沼液提供理論依據。土柱規格為內徑7．5 cm、高20 cm 的聚氯乙烯（PVC）管，按每公頃施入0，130和260 kg N，設置每土柱沼液灌溉總量為0，200和400 mL。按噹地年平均降雨量的70％計算實際澆灌量為1500 mL，分5次每隔6 d 模擬不同降雨次數進行澆灌。沼液澆灌前用清水補足不足部分併混勻。土柱放置于20和30℃的溫室培養，每次淋溶後收集土壤淋溶液，測定其全氮、硝態氮、銨態氮、全鉀、全燐、速效燐和電導率。結果錶明，施用沼液後淋溶液中氮、燐、鉀淋失量較清水對照顯著增大，其中40 mL 沼液水平下，全氮含量平均增加73％，全燐含量增加880％，全鉀含量增加388％，且隨著沼液用量的增加淋溶液中的養分濃度呈增加趨勢。環境溫度的提高增加瞭沼液養分在土壤中的淋溶損失，30℃時淋溶液中的硝態氮、全氮、全鉀、全燐、速效燐含量及電導率整體高于20℃，其中全氮平均提高14．68％，全燐平均提高33．59％，全鉀平均提高24．08％。整體而言，30℃下沼液養分較20℃時更易髮生淋失。因此，在農業生產中，應適噹減少夏季高溫時的沼液施用次數，增加春鞦季節施用次數，但沼液用量不要超過130 kg N／hm2，防止沼液養分大量流失，汙染週邊環境。
소액인기양분이용솔고，피엄범응용우농업생산중，이배경온도가통과영향토양적물이화학성질，영향소액양분적림용손실。시험채용토주모의법，연구료불동배경온도대토양소액양분림용적영향，지재게시불동계절토양양분림용가능존재적차이，위생산중합리시용소액제공이론의거。토주규격위내경7．5 cm、고20 cm 적취록을희（PVC）관，안매공경시입0，130화260 kg N，설치매토주소액관개총량위0，200화400 mL。안당지년평균강우량적70％계산실제요관량위1500 mL，분5차매격6 d 모의불동강우차수진행요관。소액요관전용청수보족불족부분병혼균。토주방치우20화30℃적온실배양，매차림용후수집토양림용액，측정기전담、초태담、안태담、전갑、전린、속효린화전도솔。결과표명，시용소액후림용액중담、린、갑림실량교청수대조현저증대，기중40 mL 소액수평하，전담함량평균증가73％，전린함량증가880％，전갑함량증가388％，차수착소액용량적증가림용액중적양분농도정증가추세。배경온도적제고증가료소액양분재토양중적림용손실，30℃시림용액중적초태담、전담、전갑、전린、속효린함량급전도솔정체고우20℃，기중전담평균제고14．68％，전린평균제고33．59％，전갑평균제고24．08％。정체이언，30℃하소액양분교20℃시경역발생림실。인차，재농업생산중，응괄당감소하계고온시적소액시용차수，증가춘추계절시용차수，단소액용량불요초과130 kg N／hm2，방지소액양분대량류실，오염주변배경。
Biogas slurry is widely used in agriculture due to its high nutrient utilization rate in soil.However, temperature might influence nutrient leaching from the slurry by affecting the physical and chemical character-istics of soils.In this study,nutrient leaching under different environmental temperatures was analyzed using the soil column simulation method,with the aim of providing advice for slurry use in different seasons.Three simulations were investigated:300 mL water as control,40 mL slurry plus 260 mL water,and 80 mL slurry plus 220 mL water,with application rates equaling to 0,130 and 260 kg N/ha respectively.300 mL of each so-lution were applied per soil column (?7.5 cm,height 20 cm)with irrigation periods of 30 min.Leached solu-tions were collected until no further leaching was observed.The soil columns were cultured under 20 and 30℃conditions and leached every 6 days for 5 times in total.The leached solution was analyzed to determine levels of total nitrogen,NO3-N,NH4-N,total potassium,total phosphorus,available phosphorus and electric con-ductance.Results showed that NO3-N,NH4-N,total phosphorus,total potassium and electric conductance de-creased with increased leaching times only for the water control.Compared to the control,slurry applications increased the amounts of leached nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.With the 40 mL solution,total nitro-gen,total potassium and total phosphorus increased on average by 73%,880% and 388% respectively.The a-mount of leached nutrient increased with increased slurry application rates and with higher environmental tem-peratures.Compared with 20℃,the 30℃ leached solutions showed increased total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium by 14.7%,33.6%,and 24.1% respectively.Higher environmental temperatures thus in-crease the amount of nutrient leaching from soils irrigated with biogas slurry.It is thus suggested that applica-tion times should be reduced in summer and increased in spring and autumn.However,the total amount of biogas slurry should be less than 130 kg N/ha to avoid excessive leaching and pollution of surrounding environ-ment.
