CAJ | 학술논문

通过综合分析不同施肥制度下土壤物理、化学、生物学特征来评价不同施肥体系培肥土壤能力，以期建立科学施肥制度，为实现土壤可持续利用提供理论依据。以位于中国农业科学院禹城试验基地长达26 a的不同施肥定位试验为平台，研究了长期不同施肥对2种土壤物理肥力指标、10种化学肥力指标及2种土壤生物肥力指标的影响，运用主成分分析和聚类分析等数理统计方法综合评价了长期不同施肥制度下土壤物理肥力、化学肥力及生物肥力因子，并对不同施肥制度土壤肥力水平进行综合评分。结果表明：1）不同施肥制度对土壤肥力因子影响差异显著。单施有机肥及有机无机配施与单施化肥相比，土壤容重降低5.0%～11.0%，土壤总孔隙度增加4.1%～9.9%；土壤有机碳、全氮增加95%～136%、69%～137%，土壤速效磷含量增加5倍，土壤速效钾增加81%～103%；土壤微生物碳、氮分别增加50%～112%、34%～79%，土壤pH值下降了0.15～0.47个单位。2）将14个土壤肥力因子分为2个主成分综合表征土壤肥力，其中土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤全碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤有机氮、土壤微生物碳、土壤微生物氮、土壤速效钾、土壤全磷、土壤速效磷、土壤有机磷、pH 值等肥力因子在主成分一上有较高的负荷，贡献率83.73%；土壤全钾在主成分二上有较高的负荷，贡献率8.49%。3）聚类分析方法把不同施肥制度对土壤肥力的影响差异强度分为4类：常量有机肥和常量有机无机配施、常量化肥和高量化肥、不施肥、高量有机肥。4）不同施肥制度对土壤培肥效果依次表现为：高量有机肥＞常量有机肥＞常量有机无机配施＞高量化肥＞常量化肥＞不施肥。单施有机肥以及有机无机肥配施与单施化肥相比能有效增加土壤养分含量，调节土壤养分平衡，能从土壤物理、化学、生物肥力方面综合提升土壤肥力水平，提高土壤养分供应能力。通過綜閤分析不同施肥製度下土壤物理、化學、生物學特徵來評價不同施肥體繫培肥土壤能力，以期建立科學施肥製度，為實現土壤可持續利用提供理論依據。以位于中國農業科學院禹城試驗基地長達26 a的不同施肥定位試驗為平檯，研究瞭長期不同施肥對2種土壤物理肥力指標、10種化學肥力指標及2種土壤生物肥力指標的影響，運用主成分分析和聚類分析等數理統計方法綜閤評價瞭長期不同施肥製度下土壤物理肥力、化學肥力及生物肥力因子，併對不同施肥製度土壤肥力水平進行綜閤評分。結果錶明：1）不同施肥製度對土壤肥力因子影響差異顯著。單施有機肥及有機無機配施與單施化肥相比，土壤容重降低5.0%～11.0%，土壤總孔隙度增加4.1%～9.9%；土壤有機碳、全氮增加95%～136%、69%～137%，土壤速效燐含量增加5倍，土壤速效鉀增加81%～103%；土壤微生物碳、氮分彆增加50%～112%、34%～79%，土壤pH值下降瞭0.15～0.47箇單位。2）將14箇土壤肥力因子分為2箇主成分綜閤錶徵土壤肥力，其中土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤全碳、土壤活性有機碳、土壤全氮、土壤有機氮、土壤微生物碳、土壤微生物氮、土壤速效鉀、土壤全燐、土壤速效燐、土壤有機燐、pH 值等肥力因子在主成分一上有較高的負荷，貢獻率83.73%；土壤全鉀在主成分二上有較高的負荷，貢獻率8.49%。3）聚類分析方法把不同施肥製度對土壤肥力的影響差異彊度分為4類：常量有機肥和常量有機無機配施、常量化肥和高量化肥、不施肥、高量有機肥。4）不同施肥製度對土壤培肥效果依次錶現為：高量有機肥＞常量有機肥＞常量有機無機配施＞高量化肥＞常量化肥＞不施肥。單施有機肥以及有機無機肥配施與單施化肥相比能有效增加土壤養分含量，調節土壤養分平衡，能從土壤物理、化學、生物肥力方麵綜閤提升土壤肥力水平，提高土壤養分供應能力。
통과종합분석불동시비제도하토양물리、화학、생물학특정래평개불동시비체계배비토양능력，이기건립과학시비제도，위실현토양가지속이용제공이론의거。이위우중국농업과학원우성시험기지장체26 a적불동시비정위시험위평태，연구료장기불동시비대2충토양물리비력지표、10충화학비력지표급2충토양생물비력지표적영향，운용주성분분석화취류분석등수리통계방법종합평개료장기불동시비제도하토양물리비력、화학비력급생물비력인자，병대불동시비제도토양비력수평진행종합평분。결과표명：1）불동시비제도대토양비력인자영향차이현저。단시유궤비급유궤무궤배시여단시화비상비，토양용중강저5.0%～11.0%，토양총공극도증가4.1%～9.9%；토양유궤탄、전담증가95%～136%、69%～137%，토양속효린함량증가5배，토양속효갑증가81%～103%；토양미생물탄、담분별증가50%～112%、34%～79%，토양pH치하강료0.15～0.47개단위。2）장14개토양비력인자분위2개주성분종합표정토양비력，기중토양용중、토양공극도、토양전탄、토양활성유궤탄、토양전담、토양유궤담、토양미생물탄、토양미생물담、토양속효갑、토양전린、토양속효린、토양유궤린、pH 치등비력인자재주성분일상유교고적부하，공헌솔83.73%；토양전갑재주성분이상유교고적부하，공헌솔8.49%。3）취류분석방법파불동시비제도대토양비력적영향차이강도분위4류：상량유궤비화상량유궤무궤배시、상양화비화고양화비、불시비、고량유궤비。4）불동시비제도대토양배비효과의차표현위：고량유궤비＞상량유궤비＞상량유궤무궤배시＞고양화비＞상양화비＞불시비。단시유궤비이급유궤무궤비배시여단시화비상비능유효증가토양양분함량，조절토양양분평형，능종토양물리、화학、생물비력방면종합제승토양비력수평，제고토양양분공응능력。
Soil fertility is a typical index to evaluate the soil ability of supplying the proper conditions for plant growth. This study focused on the differences among soil physical, chemical, and biological properties under different long-term fertilization strategies and the results of those properties were analyzed synthetically to establish the suitable fertilization strategy to improve soil fertility. A 26 years long-term experiment was conducted in the Dezhou station of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences. Six treatments included no fertilizer and manure (CK), half conventional dosage of organic manure and half of chemical fertilizer (MF), conventional dosage of organic manure (CM), conventional dosage of chemical fertilizer (CF), and high dosage of organic manure (HM) and high dosage of chemical fertilizer (HF). The indicators of soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics under the different fertilization treatments were determined to clarify the effects of fertilization on soil fertility. Principal component and cluster analyses were applied to get a comprehensive assessment on the effects of different fertilization strategies on soil fertility. The results showed that:1) The significant differences of soil properties were found among the fertilization treatments. Compared with chemical fertilizer, long-term application of organic manure or combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers reduced soil bulk density by 5.0%-11.0%, and increased soil total porosity by 4.1%-9.9%,increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium by 95%-136%, 69%-137%, 500%, and 81%-103%,respectively. In addition, the soil pH in the treatments of organic manure or combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was lower than that of chemical fertilizer treatments by 0.15-0.47. 2) According to principal component analysis, soil fertility indexes could be classified into two principal components. The first component (PC1) consisted of soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), organic N, microbial biomass N, microbial biomass C, total phosphorus (P), available P, available potassium (K), organic P, soil bulk density, and total porosity and pH, which had high loadings about 83.73%. In the second component (PC2), however, soil total K had high minus loadings, and the proportion of total K in the component was only 8.49%. 3) Cluster analysis classified the indexes into 4 classes of CM and MF, CF and HF, CK, and HM. Based on the analyses above, we concluded that the high application rate of organic manure could lead to the best impacts on the soil fertility. The effects of all fertilization strategies on soil fertility presented the descent orders as:HM>CM>MF> HF > CF > CK. Thus, the contents of soil nutrients increased more effectively under the treatments with organic manure or combination of organic and chemical fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. Moreover, the treatments with organic manure or combination of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could also alter the balance of soil nutrients, enhance soil fertility comprehensively in the aspects of soil physical, chemical and biological fertilities, and improve the supply ability of soil nutrients.