CAJ | 학술논문

为摸索猪粪和菌渣堆肥生产有机肥技术，在自然发酵条件下，设计猪粪和菌渣9：1、8：2、7：3、6：44种不同比例（湿质量比）进行高温堆肥试验，研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、有机碳、发芽指数及养分氮、磷、钾的动态变化。结果表明，堆体温度在第3天即达50℃以上，保持高温25～32 d后开始下降，其中6：4处理高温期比9：1处理长7 d；4个处理pH值都呈先快速上升、之后下降并趋于稳定的趋势，pH值在6.83～8.62间变化；有机碳(质量分数)总体上呈下降之势，至堆肥结束4个处理分别下降了16.3%、14.5%、13.6%和11.9%，菌渣比例提高可减少堆体有机碳的损失；除6：4处理外，其他处理发芽指数分别于23、33和47 d达80%以上，同一时期菌渣比例越高堆体提取液对植物的毒害作用越强；氮磷钾总养分（质量分数）前期（约19 d）呈基本持平或少量下降，随后持续上升，堆肥结束4个处理分别为5.93%、5.57%、5.64%和5.13%。6：4处理氮磷钾总养分在堆肥大部分时期（45 d内）≤5.0%，其他处理在21～25 d后均≥5.0%。综合考虑堆肥质量和堆期等因素，利用猪粪和菌渣为原料规模化生产机肥，猪粪和菌渣适宜的比例为8：2。同时，因猪粪和菌渣C/N均较低，建议适当增加米糠等C/N高的添加料，进一步提高堆肥效率。
위모색저분화균사퇴비생산유궤비기술，재자연발효조건하，설계저분화균사9：1、8：2、7：3、6：44충불동비례（습질량비）진행고온퇴비시험，연구료퇴비과정중온도、pH치、유궤탄、발아지수급양분담、린、갑적동태변화。결과표명，퇴체온도재제3천즉체50℃이상，보지고온25～32 d후개시하강，기중6：4처리고온기비9：1처리장7 d；4개처리pH치도정선쾌속상승、지후하강병추우은정적추세，pH치재6.83～8.62간변화；유궤탄(질량분수)총체상정하강지세，지퇴비결속4개처리분별하강료16.3%、14.5%、13.6%화11.9%，균사비례제고가감소퇴체유궤탄적손실；제6：4처리외，기타처리발아지수분별우23、33화47 d체80%이상，동일시기균사비례월고퇴체제취액대식물적독해작용월강；담린갑총양분（질량분수）전기（약19 d）정기본지평혹소량하강，수후지속상승，퇴비결속4개처리분별위5.93%、5.57%、5.64%화5.13%。6：4처리담린갑총양분재퇴비대부분시기（45 d내）≤5.0%，기타처리재21～25 d후균≥5.0%。종합고필퇴비질량화퇴기등인소，이용저분화균사위원료규모화생산궤비，저분화균사괄의적비례위8：2。동시，인저분화균사C/N균교저，건의괄당증가미강등C/N고적첨가료，진일보제고퇴비효솔。
In order to solve the current problems about environmental pollution of agricultural waste and explore the technology of producing organic fertilizer by composting with pig manure and edible fungi residue, an experiment was conducted to study dynamic changes of several parameters including heat, pH value, organic carbon (C), germination index (GI), nutrient nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) during the natural fermentation. The experiment was based on the four ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 of pig manure and edible fungi residue in high-temperature composting experiment. The results showed as followed. The temperatures of all disposals were over 50 degrees centigrade at about the 3rd day. It maintained a high temperature for from 25 to 32 d, and then began to decrease. Duration of the high-temperature composting was longer while the ratio of the mushroom residue got more. From the experiment, we could see that the high-temperature duration of the disposal with the ratio of 6:4 was 7 d longer than the disposal with the ratio of 9:1. The pH values of all disposals, ranging from 6.83 to 8.62, increased rapidly and then decreased smoothly in the 22 d. Total N of the nutrient decreased with the loss of ammonia in the early, and then the relative quality of the total N began to rise while the total mass was reducing along with the loss of C content. At the end of the composting, the total N contents of the disposals A and B decreased by 2.9 and 1.0 g/kg, respectively, but the disposals C and D increased by 1.6 and 1.9 g/kg, respectively. The total P and total K contents have been on a slow upward trend, until the end of the composting they increased by 14.2%-36.4%and 28.1%-34.7%respectively. The organic C content decreased in general. At the end of the composting, the organic C contents of all disposals respectively decreased by 16.3%, 14.5%, 13.6%and 11.9%. Due to the rich source of N in the early time, microbes multiplied and let out large-scale ammonia N, which resulted in the rapid increase in the C/N ratio, and then the average ratio declined;and the 4 disposals decreased by 0.67, 2.08, 4.48 and 4.49 respectively in the end. Except the disposal with the ratio of 6:4, the GI of all disposals respectively reached 80%on the 23rd, 33rd, 47th day. At the same time, the toxicity of the piles extract liquid increased on plants due to the accretion of the ratio of fungi residue. The total nutrient contents of N, P and K were in a flat or a small decline and then continued to rise in the early period (in about 19 d), which were respectively 5.93%, 5.57%, 5.64%and 5.13%for all disposals at the end of the composting. In addition, the disposal with the ratio of 6:4 was less than 5%in the most period of the composting (within 45 d), but the rest disposals were more than 5% after about 21-25 d. Considering the factors of the compost quality and production cycle comprehensively, the appropriate ratio of manure to mushroom residue is 8:2 for making scale production of organic fertilizer. Furthermore, on account of the low C/N ratio of manure and mushroom residue, it is better to add some annexing agent with high C/N ratio such as rice bran for improving the efficiency of composting.