CAJ | 학술논문

种植养分高效吸收利用的作物，可以减少农田养分损失，控制农业生产造成的面源污染。通过不同小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种对比试验，旨在筛选养分高效吸收利用的小麦品种并探索其调控机理。以南京地区近年来新育成的12个品种为材料，研究了不同品种氮、磷、钾吸收量及其在体内的分配，分析了影响养分吸收各因子的贡献，并计算了秸秆还田和不还田两种方式下小麦收获期从农田移除的养分量。同一肥料供应水平下，不同品种间整株养分吸收量存在显著差异。以植株氮、磷、钾吸收量作为指标进行聚类分析，12个育成的小麦品种中宁麦09-118属于高效吸收氮磷钾的品种。所有供试品种的氮、磷含量均以籽粒最高，其积累量分别占植株总吸收量的72.6%~77.6%和68.5%~72.9%。籽粒氮、磷积累量的高低主要取决于籽粒产量，其对氮、磷总吸收量的贡献率分别为73.1%和84.6%。收获时上中部秸秆中钾的残留量占植株吸钾总量的比例达到59.4%~69.2%。籽粒产量与植株氮磷吸收量具有高度的相关性。不同品种对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例相对固定，平均N/P、N/K的值分别为4.7和1.8。在秸秆还田方式下，小麦收获期从农田移除的N、P、K养分量分别为128.4、25.8、14.0 kg·hm-2；在秸秆不还田方式下，小麦收获期从农田移除的N、P、K养分量分别为153.4、30.8、74.1 kg·hm-2。两种方式从农田移除的钾量差异显著。宁09-118高产且吸收氮磷钾能力最强，应成为长江下游地区栽种小麦的首选。要减少农业面源污染，应根据不同品种的小麦吸肥特性及当地养分利用效率确定氮磷钾施用量，并且在确定钾肥施用量时，还应该考虑种植区域小麦的秸秆利用方式。
충식양분고효흡수이용적작물，가이감소농전양분손실，공제농업생산조성적면원오염。통과불동소맥（Triticum aestivum L.）품충대비시험，지재사선양분고효흡수이용적소맥품충병탐색기조공궤리。이남경지구근년래신육성적12개품충위재료，연구료불동품충담、린、갑흡수량급기재체내적분배，분석료영향양분흡수각인자적공헌，병계산료갈간환전화불환전량충방식하소맥수획기종농전이제적양분량。동일비료공응수평하，불동품충간정주양분흡수량존재현저차이。이식주담、린、갑흡수량작위지표진행취류분석，12개육성적소맥품충중저맥09-118속우고효흡수담린갑적품충。소유공시품충적담、린함량균이자립최고，기적루량분별점식주총흡수량적72.6%~77.6%화68.5%~72.9%。자립담、린적루량적고저주요취결우자립산량，기대담、린총흡수량적공헌솔분별위73.1%화84.6%。수획시상중부갈간중갑적잔류량점식주흡갑총량적비례체도59.4%~69.2%。자립산량여식주담린흡수량구유고도적상관성。불동품충대담、린、갑적흡수비례상대고정，평균N/P、N/K적치분별위4.7화1.8。재갈간환전방식하，소맥수획기종농전이제적N、P、K양분량분별위128.4、25.8、14.0 kg·hm-2；재갈간불환전방식하，소맥수획기종농전이제적N、P、K양분량분별위153.4、30.8、74.1 kg·hm-2。량충방식종농전이제적갑량차이현저。저09-118고산차흡수담린갑능력최강，응성위장강하유지구재충소맥적수선。요감소농업면원오염，응근거불동품충적소맥흡비특성급당지양분이용효솔학정담린갑시용량，병차재학정갑비시용량시，환응해고필충식구역소맥적갈간이용방식。
Planting crops with high nutrient use efficiency, can reduce nutrient losses from fields, thus controlling non-point source pollution caused by agricultural production. The objective of this study was to select the wheat varieties with high nutrient use efficiency and explore the regulation mechanism. Nutrient absorption and distribution of different wheat varieties were studied, and contribution of the factors impacting nutrient absorption were analyzed, in this study with 12 newly-bred varieties as experimental materials. Under the same fertilizer supply level, nutrient uptake of whole plant was significantly different among different varieties. Cluster analysis on N, P, K uptake indicated that wheat variety Ning09-118 belonged to the type of high absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium among 12 bred wheat varieties. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents were the highest in grain than other organs for all wheat varieties, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by grain accounted for 72.6%~77.6% and 68.5%~72.9% of total plant uptake, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake depended mainly on the grain yield. The nitrogen and phosphorus uptake contributed rates were 73.1% and 84.6%, respectively. Upper and middle straw were main parts of potassium storage, which accounted for 59.4%~69.2% of plant potassium accumulation. Grain yield had high correlations with nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by plants. The absorption ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were similar in the different varieties. The average ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus, and nitrogen to potassium were 4.7 and 1.8, respectively. Potassium removal caused by wheat harvest had significant difference between with and without the application of wheat straw to field. Ning 09-118 was preferred under the same level of fertilizer application, for its high yield and strong absorption capacity of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In order to decrease nutrient losses from fields, the application rates of nutrient, phosphorus and potassium should be decided by nutrient uptake characteristics of wheat varieties and nutrient use efficiency,and the determination of potassium fertilizer application should also consider the methods of straw utilization in wheat growing areas.