CAJ | 학술논문

为探讨黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下覆膜种植冬麦田土壤水分动态特征和增产效果,在2008—2009和2009—2010年生长季,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了3种覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播、全膜穴播、垄膜沟播)对冬小麦农田土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,孕穗前期覆膜处理0~200 cm平均土壤含水量在2个生长季分别较CK高2.3%和1.7%,而在孕穗期至成熟期分别较CK低14.7%和7.6%。地膜覆盖可显著改善0~20 cm土壤墒情,但拔节后20~90 cm土层以及全生育期90~200 cm土层含水量普遍低于CK；2个生长季收获期0~200 cm平均土壤含水量覆膜处理较CK分别低64.7 mm和47.0 mm。在2个生长季中,覆膜处理平均耗水量分别较CK多64.6 mm和77.2 mm。2个生长季夏季休闲后,覆膜处理在秋播时0~200 cm的土壤含水量分别比CK高29.8 mm和22.8 mm,显然,覆膜有利于土壤水分的快速恢复。2个生长季覆膜处理的平均产量分别较 CK高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率分别提高11.8%和14.3%。在3种覆膜处理中,虽然全膜穴播的产量和水分利用效率最高,但从劳动力和生产资料的投入同产出效益角度考虑,则以全膜覆土穴播最优。因此认为,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效、操作简单、适宜于半干旱区推广应用的冬小麦种植方式。
위탐토황토고원반간한우양조건하복막충식동맥전토양수분동태특정화증산효과,재2008—2009화2009—2010년생장계,이로지충식위대조(CK),연구료3충복막방식(전막복토혈파、전막혈파、롱막구파)대동소맥농전토양수분、산량화수분이용효솔적영향。결과표명,잉수전기복막처리0~200 cm평균토양함수량재2개생장계분별교CK고2.3%화1.7%,이재잉수기지성숙기분별교CK저14.7%화7.6%。지막복개가현저개선0~20 cm토양상정,단발절후20~90 cm토층이급전생육기90~200 cm토층함수량보편저우CK；2개생장계수획기0~200 cm평균토양함수량복막처리교CK분별저64.7 mm화47.0 mm。재2개생장계중,복막처리평균모수량분별교CK다64.6 mm화77.2 mm。2개생장계하계휴한후,복막처리재추파시0~200 cm적토양함수량분별비CK고29.8 mm화22.8 mm,현연,복막유리우토양수분적쾌속회복。2개생장계복막처리적평균산량분별교 CK고49.4%화53.2%,수분이용효솔분별제고11.8%화14.3%。재3충복막처리중,수연전막혈파적산량화수분이용효솔최고,단종노동력화생산자료적투입동산출효익각도고필,칙이전막복토혈파최우。인차인위,전막복토혈파시일충고산고효、조작간단、괄의우반간한구추엄응용적동소맥충식방식。
Mulching strategies and practices are required to increase crop yields in arid and semiarid rainfed areas. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different mulching modes on soil moisture, grain yield, and water use efficiency for winter wheat in a semiarid rainfed region of Loess Plateau, Northwest China during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons. Winter wheat was grown under four cultivation patterns:whole field plastic mulching with soil cover on the top of the plastic mulch and bunch-seeding (T1), whole field plastic mulching without soil cover on the top of the plastic mulch and bunch-seeding (T2), ridges mulched with plastic film and row-seeding in the furrow (T3), and non-mulching with row-seeding as control (CK). Com-pared with CK, the three plastic mulching treatments showed the increase of water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer before boot-ing stage by 2.3%in the 2008–2009 season and 1.7%in the 2009–2010 season and the decrease of 0–200 cm soil water storage from booting to harvest by 14.7%and 7.6%in the two seasons, respectively. In the three plastic mulching treatments, the 0–20 cm soil moisture during the whole growth season was obviously higher than that in CK, however the 20–90 cm soil moisture after jointing and the 90–200 cm soil moisture during the whole growth season were lower than that in CK. As a result, the 0–200 cm soil water storage at harvest in the plastic mulching treatments was 64.7 mm (2008–2009 growing season) and 47.0 mm (2009–2010 growing season) lower than that in CK. Although T1, T2 and T3 consumed 64.6 mm and 77.2 mm more soil water than CK in two growing seasons, the 0–200 cm soil water storage was 29.8 mm and 22.8 mm higher at seeding stage in autumn after the summer fallowing. This result indicated that soil water storage was restored rapidly during summer fallow in plastic mulching treatments. Compared with CK, plastic mulching treatments enhanced wheat yield by 49.4%in 2008–2009 season and 53.2%in 2009–2010 season and water use efficiency by 11.8%in 2008–2009 season and 14.3%in 2009–2010 season. In a com-prehensive consideration of yield, water use efficiency and economical return, T1 is recommended as a simple and applicable technique in semiarid rainfed wheat production aiming at high yield and high efficiency.