农学学报
農學學報
농학학보
Chinese Countryside Well-off Technology
2015年
5期
39-47
,共9页
彭昌家%冯礼斌%白体坤%丁攀%刘建国%陈如胜%尹怀中%龙维国%文旭%李鸿韬%何海燕%肖立
彭昌傢%馮禮斌%白體坤%丁攀%劉建國%陳如勝%尹懷中%龍維國%文旭%李鴻韜%何海燕%肖立
팽창가%풍례빈%백체곤%정반%류건국%진여성%윤부중%룡유국%문욱%리홍도%하해연%초립
小麦%条锈病%发生特点%流行规律%预警水平%提高
小麥%條鏽病%髮生特點%流行規律%預警水平%提高
소맥%조수병%발생특점%류행규률%예경수평%제고
Wheat%Stripe Rust%Occurrence Characteristics%Epidemic Regularity%Early Warning Level%Improvement
为了探明小麦条锈病在南充市的发生流行规律，以便及时准确搞好小麦条锈病监测预警和综合治理，减少随高空气流传入川东南春季流行区以及渝、鄂、湘等邻近麦区和中国东部小麦主产区条锈病菌源量，从而，确保这些地区小麦生产与贸易安全和可持续发展。多年来，通过采用系统监测、定期调查、田间普查、试验圃小麦品种抗条锈性鉴定、田间发病麦株生理小种抽样送检、综合治理和气象资料分析等方法，首次探明了小麦条锈病菌首先传入南充市的初始菌源地地点、传播路径、传入峰次、本地流行峰次以及本地流行与传入时间、传入峰次等之间的关系。研究表明：小麦条锈病在南充市的发生特点是病害始见期越早，发生越重；流行特点是本地小麦条锈菌有2次传入侵染高峰期，第1次外来菌源大范围传入对病害流行起着关键作用，在田间存在1~3个流行高峰期，第1个流行高峰期发生面积对当年病害流行起着决定作用；1月下旬的累计发生面积与年发生面积呈较高正相关，其相关系数为0.7692。建立了各个生育时期病田率和病株率同年发生面积预测数学模型。流行趋势是近16年来，偏重至大发生频率达81.25%，偏轻发生仅占6.3%，说明条锈病正处于重发流行期。流行的内因是小麦品种抗条锈能力的降低或丧失，造成品种抗性丧失的原因是条锈菌新生理小种致病性强且已上升为主要小种；外因是暖冬和春季天气波动幅度大，雾、露日偏多，以及重发、常发、早发和风口河谷地区发生严重。2002年以来，通过条锈病始见期、2次外来菌源传入范围、田间3次流行高峰期发生面积与相关系数和各个生育时期病田率及病株率同年发生面积预测数学模型，结合田间监测数据和气象预报，进行长、中、短期预报，全市小麦条锈病短期预报准确率年年达到100%，中、长期预报准确率分别达到98%和95%以上，比1998年以前提高5~15个百分点。
為瞭探明小麥條鏽病在南充市的髮生流行規律，以便及時準確搞好小麥條鏽病鑑測預警和綜閤治理，減少隨高空氣流傳入川東南春季流行區以及渝、鄂、湘等鄰近麥區和中國東部小麥主產區條鏽病菌源量，從而，確保這些地區小麥生產與貿易安全和可持續髮展。多年來，通過採用繫統鑑測、定期調查、田間普查、試驗圃小麥品種抗條鏽性鑒定、田間髮病麥株生理小種抽樣送檢、綜閤治理和氣象資料分析等方法，首次探明瞭小麥條鏽病菌首先傳入南充市的初始菌源地地點、傳播路徑、傳入峰次、本地流行峰次以及本地流行與傳入時間、傳入峰次等之間的關繫。研究錶明：小麥條鏽病在南充市的髮生特點是病害始見期越早，髮生越重；流行特點是本地小麥條鏽菌有2次傳入侵染高峰期，第1次外來菌源大範圍傳入對病害流行起著關鍵作用，在田間存在1~3箇流行高峰期，第1箇流行高峰期髮生麵積對噹年病害流行起著決定作用；1月下旬的纍計髮生麵積與年髮生麵積呈較高正相關，其相關繫數為0.7692。建立瞭各箇生育時期病田率和病株率同年髮生麵積預測數學模型。流行趨勢是近16年來，偏重至大髮生頻率達81.25%，偏輕髮生僅佔6.3%，說明條鏽病正處于重髮流行期。流行的內因是小麥品種抗條鏽能力的降低或喪失，造成品種抗性喪失的原因是條鏽菌新生理小種緻病性彊且已上升為主要小種；外因是暖鼕和春季天氣波動幅度大，霧、露日偏多，以及重髮、常髮、早髮和風口河穀地區髮生嚴重。2002年以來，通過條鏽病始見期、2次外來菌源傳入範圍、田間3次流行高峰期髮生麵積與相關繫數和各箇生育時期病田率及病株率同年髮生麵積預測數學模型，結閤田間鑑測數據和氣象預報，進行長、中、短期預報，全市小麥條鏽病短期預報準確率年年達到100%，中、長期預報準確率分彆達到98%和95%以上，比1998年以前提高5~15箇百分點。
위료탐명소맥조수병재남충시적발생류행규률，이편급시준학고호소맥조수병감측예경화종합치리，감소수고공기류전입천동남춘계류행구이급투、악、상등린근맥구화중국동부소맥주산구조수병균원량，종이，학보저사지구소맥생산여무역안전화가지속발전。다년래，통과채용계통감측、정기조사、전간보사、시험포소맥품충항조수성감정、전간발병맥주생리소충추양송검、종합치리화기상자료분석등방법，수차탐명료소맥조수병균수선전입남충시적초시균원지지점、전파로경、전입봉차、본지류행봉차이급본지류행여전입시간、전입봉차등지간적관계。연구표명：소맥조수병재남충시적발생특점시병해시견기월조，발생월중；류행특점시본지소맥조수균유2차전입침염고봉기，제1차외래균원대범위전입대병해류행기착관건작용，재전간존재1~3개류행고봉기，제1개류행고봉기발생면적대당년병해류행기착결정작용；1월하순적루계발생면적여년발생면적정교고정상관，기상관계수위0.7692。건립료각개생육시기병전솔화병주솔동년발생면적예측수학모형。류행추세시근16년래，편중지대발생빈솔체81.25%，편경발생부점6.3%，설명조수병정처우중발류행기。류행적내인시소맥품충항조수능력적강저혹상실，조성품충항성상실적원인시조수균신생리소충치병성강차이상승위주요소충；외인시난동화춘계천기파동폭도대，무、로일편다，이급중발、상발、조발화풍구하곡지구발생엄중。2002년이래，통과조수병시견기、2차외래균원전입범위、전간3차류행고봉기발생면적여상관계수화각개생육시기병전솔급병주솔동년발생면적예측수학모형，결합전간감측수거화기상예보，진행장、중、단기예보，전시소맥조수병단기예보준학솔년년체도100%，중、장기예보준학솔분별체도98%화95%이상，비1998년이전제고5~15개백분점。
The study is to find out the occurrence and epidemic regularity of wheat stripe rust in Nanchong city, which will pave the way for monitoring, early warning and comprehensive treatment of wheat stripe rust timely and accurately, meanwhile reduce the high air spread of stripe rust pathogen in Sichuan southeast spring epidemic area, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan and other neighboring regions, and main wheat production areas in east China. Thus, the wheat production, trade security and sustainable development can be ensured. Over these years, by the methods of systematical monitoring, regular surveys, field investigation, stripe rust resistance identification, physiological sampling inspection of morbidity plant, comprehensive treatment and meteorological data analysis, we firstly discovered the initial bacteria source of wheat stripe rust, propagation path, afferent peak time, local epidemic peak time and the relationship between epidemic peak time and afferent time and afferent peak time. This study showed that the earlier the symptoms occurred, the more serious it would be. There were two different infection peak times. The first one played a key role in bacteria spreading which existed in the field for 1-3 epidemic peaks and the area influenced by the first epidemic peak would play a decisive role in the same year. The cumulative occurrence area in late January was highly correlated to the annual occurrence area with the correlation coefficient hitting 0.7692;the prediction model for disease field rates, disease plant rates and the annual occurrence areas was established. In recent 16 years, the proportion of serious occurrence was 81.25%while light occurrence was only 6.3%. The number showed that the stripe rust was in an epidemic period. The internal cause was the reduction or loss of wheat varieties ’ resistance to tripe rust because a new physiological race of rust was becoming pathogenic stronger and be the major race. If there was big fluctuation of temperature in warm winter and spring, or more fog and dew days, stripe rust would be caused in serious occurrence area, frequent occurrence area, early occurrence area and windy outlet valley area. Since 2002, by analyzing the initial period of stripe rust, twice afferent range of foreign bacteria source, 3 epidemic peak times of occurrence area and the coefficient and the prediction model for disease field rates, disease plant rates and the annual occurrence areas, we combined the field monitoring data and meteorological forecasts to make long, medium and short-term predictions. The short-term prediction accuracy rate of wheat stripe rust was 100%in every year while the medium and long-term prediction accuracy rate reached more than 98% and 95% respectively, which increased by 5-15 percentage points than those before 1998.
