林业科学
林業科學
임업과학
SCIENTIA SILVAE SINICAE
2015年
5期
28-36
,共9页
郑翠芳%陈晓倩%陈友铃%王爱芳%王钊%吴文珊
鄭翠芳%陳曉倩%陳友鈴%王愛芳%王釗%吳文珊
정취방%진효천%진우령%왕애방%왕쇠%오문산
榕果%榕小蜂%虫瘿%发育
榕果%榕小蜂%蟲癭%髮育
용과%용소봉%충영%발육
fig%fig wasp%galls%development
【目的】研究福州笔管榕传粉生物学特征,为城市绿化和热带雨林生物多样性保护提供数据和科学支持。【方法】以福州地区的30株笔管榕为样本,对其传粉生物学进行研究。【结果】1)笔管榕不同植株的年结果批次不同(每年每株0~5批次),以年结果1~2批次为主,榕果发育株内同步,株间有时同步,有时异步,无发育期交叠的现象。笔管榕榕果的发育具明显的季节性,在日照短、温度低的秋冬季(11月至翌年的2月),榕果发育周期(A期至E期)通常需要2~5个月;而在日照长、温度较高的春夏季(3—10月),榕果发育明显变快,其发育周期仅需要1~2个月;2)每年单株笔管榕一般发生1~2次换叶。初春夏末是笔管榕落叶的高峰期,新叶在落叶后1~2周内萌发,老叶的脱落与新叶和果芽的萌发之间具关联性,叶通过光合作用为榕果萌发与发育提供良好的物质基础;3)笔管榕雌花期单果进蜂数量以1~3只占绝对优势,使个体小、数量多的榕果能够获得有效进蜂,既保证了榕树的结实率,也避免因过多的传粉小蜂拥挤在榕果狭小空间内相互打斗而造成的小蜂死亡和产卵效率低下。进入榕果的传粉小蜂均有不同程度的伤残;4)雌花期榕果内雌花的花柄(含子房柄)越短,其花柱(含柱头)的长度越长,反之亦然,从而使雌花柱头基本处于同一平面上,便于传粉小蜂的传粉与产卵,而雌花子房错落分布,使榕果有限空间得以充分利用。传粉小蜂产卵器的平均长度显著长于雌花花柱的平均长度(P<0.001),表明笔管榕传粉榕小蜂产卵器可达到绝大部分的雌花子房。【结论】笔管榕与其传粉小蜂之间形成互惠共生、高度统一的协同进化关系。
【目的】研究福州筆管榕傳粉生物學特徵,為城市綠化和熱帶雨林生物多樣性保護提供數據和科學支持。【方法】以福州地區的30株筆管榕為樣本,對其傳粉生物學進行研究。【結果】1)筆管榕不同植株的年結果批次不同(每年每株0~5批次),以年結果1~2批次為主,榕果髮育株內同步,株間有時同步,有時異步,無髮育期交疊的現象。筆管榕榕果的髮育具明顯的季節性,在日照短、溫度低的鞦鼕季(11月至翌年的2月),榕果髮育週期(A期至E期)通常需要2~5箇月;而在日照長、溫度較高的春夏季(3—10月),榕果髮育明顯變快,其髮育週期僅需要1~2箇月;2)每年單株筆管榕一般髮生1~2次換葉。初春夏末是筆管榕落葉的高峰期,新葉在落葉後1~2週內萌髮,老葉的脫落與新葉和果芽的萌髮之間具關聯性,葉通過光閤作用為榕果萌髮與髮育提供良好的物質基礎;3)筆管榕雌花期單果進蜂數量以1~3隻佔絕對優勢,使箇體小、數量多的榕果能夠穫得有效進蜂,既保證瞭榕樹的結實率,也避免因過多的傳粉小蜂擁擠在榕果狹小空間內相互打鬥而造成的小蜂死亡和產卵效率低下。進入榕果的傳粉小蜂均有不同程度的傷殘;4)雌花期榕果內雌花的花柄(含子房柄)越短,其花柱(含柱頭)的長度越長,反之亦然,從而使雌花柱頭基本處于同一平麵上,便于傳粉小蜂的傳粉與產卵,而雌花子房錯落分佈,使榕果有限空間得以充分利用。傳粉小蜂產卵器的平均長度顯著長于雌花花柱的平均長度(P<0.001),錶明筆管榕傳粉榕小蜂產卵器可達到絕大部分的雌花子房。【結論】筆管榕與其傳粉小蜂之間形成互惠共生、高度統一的協同進化關繫。
【목적】연구복주필관용전분생물학특정,위성시녹화화열대우림생물다양성보호제공수거화과학지지。【방법】이복주지구적30주필관용위양본,대기전분생물학진행연구。【결과】1)필관용불동식주적년결과비차불동(매년매주0~5비차),이년결과1~2비차위주,용과발육주내동보,주간유시동보,유시이보,무발육기교첩적현상。필관용용과적발육구명현적계절성,재일조단、온도저적추동계(11월지익년적2월),용과발육주기(A기지E기)통상수요2~5개월;이재일조장、온도교고적춘하계(3—10월),용과발육명현변쾌,기발육주기부수요1~2개월;2)매년단주필관용일반발생1~2차환협。초춘하말시필관용락협적고봉기,신협재락협후1~2주내맹발,로협적탈락여신협화과아적맹발지간구관련성,협통과광합작용위용과맹발여발육제공량호적물질기출;3)필관용자화기단과진봉수량이1~3지점절대우세,사개체소、수량다적용과능구획득유효진봉,기보증료용수적결실솔,야피면인과다적전분소봉옹제재용과협소공간내상호타두이조성적소봉사망화산란효솔저하。진입용과적전분소봉균유불동정도적상잔;4)자화기용과내자화적화병(함자방병)월단,기화주(함주두)적장도월장,반지역연,종이사자화주두기본처우동일평면상,편우전분소봉적전분여산란,이자화자방착락분포,사용과유한공간득이충분이용。전분소봉산란기적평균장도현저장우자화화주적평균장도(P<0.001),표명필관용전분용소봉산란기가체도절대부분적자화자방。【결론】필관용여기전분소봉지간형성호혜공생、고도통일적협동진화관계。
Ficus superba var. japonica is one type of deciduous and monoecious trees,however its reproductive behavior is very little known. In this study,we investigated the reproductive biology of F. superba var. japonica in Fuzhou and the results are shown in the following. (1) F. superba var. japonica plants bear multiple batches of fruits (0 -5 crops) annually,among which the 1 or 2 batches per year is the most case. The fig developmental patterns exhibited synchronous intra-tree,asynchronous or synchronous inter-tree. There was no overlap of different developmental stages in trees. The fig developmental period was obviously affected by seasons. In the autumn and winter ( from November to the next February) when the sunshine period is short and the temperature is lower related to the rest of year,the fig developmental cycle usually lasted for 2 to 5 months;while in the spring and summer ( from March to October) ,the plant grows faster,and the fig developmental cycle was completed in only 1 to 2 months. 2) F. superba var. japonica plants renewed their leaves 1 to 2 times each year. Both defoliation and leaf-renewing peaked in early spring and late summer. The new leaves always started to emerge within 1 or 2 weeks after defoliation. It seems that the fig development and the growth of new leaves would be associated with defoliation of old leaves. The carbohydrates for fig production are provided by leaves through the process of photosynthesis. 3 ) The foundress of F. superba var. japonica during the female flowering phase was usually occupied by only 1 -3 wasps. Therefore,the large quantity of small-sized figs had chances to host sufficient pollinating wasps to ensure their development. This circumstance can also avoid the adverse consequences such as the wasp death and the low spawning efficiency caused by too many pollinators in the limited fig space. It was found that the pollinators that enter syconia all had to some degrees disability. 4) In the female phase,the flower stalk (including gynophore) was shorter while its style ( including stigma) was longer,and vice versa. Therefore,the female flowers’stigma stayed in the same plane which conduced to fig wasps ’ pollination and spawning. The ovaries of female flowers were dispersedly distributed,forming two layers to maximally took the limited space of figs. The mean length of the pollinators’ovipositors was significantly longer than that of the style of female flowers (P <0. 001),indicating that the pollinators’ovipositors could reach almost all of the ovaries. In summary,our data provide the basic and useful information regarding the pollination biology of F. superba. var. japonica and for supporting city afforestation and conservation in tropical rain forests.