CAJ | 학술논문

分工理论本身经历了一个不断递进的过程，从而形成了多样化学说，如古希腊的外生绝对优势说、斯密的内生绝对优势说、李嘉图的外在相对优势说、马克思的协作收益说以及以马歇尔为代表的规模收益说。这些学说都与特定的时代背景相适应，如外生绝对优势说适应于个体差异主要由天生决定的古代社会，内生绝对优势说主要适应于个体技能差异源于经验性学习的家庭手工作坊时期，外在相对优势说适应于以既定外生资源为主要生产要素的工业革命时期，协作收益说适应于机器化大生产迅速发展时期。然而，由于分工思想于自由竞争主张不相容，马歇尔就从外部经济来解释规模经济，从而导致了分工理论的转向和式微。显然，结合时代背景的演变，就可以更好地理解分工理论的演化。
분공이론본신경력료일개불단체진적과정，종이형성료다양화학설，여고희석적외생절대우세설、사밀적내생절대우세설、리가도적외재상대우세설、마극사적협작수익설이급이마헐이위대표적규모수익설。저사학설도여특정적시대배경상괄응，여외생절대우세설괄응우개체차이주요유천생결정적고대사회，내생절대우세설주요괄응우개체기능차이원우경험성학습적가정수공작방시기，외재상대우세설괄응우이기정외생자원위주요생산요소적공업혁명시기，협작수익설괄응우궤기화대생산신속발전시기。연이，유우분공사상우자유경쟁주장불상용，마헐이취종외부경제래해석규모경제，종이도치료분공이론적전향화식미。현연，결합시대배경적연변，취가이경호지리해분공이론적연화。
The theory of labor‐division has gone through a constantly progressive process ,as to forming diversified doctrine , such as exogenous absolute advantage theory in ancient Greek , endogenous absolute advantage theory from Smith ,external relative advantage theory from Ricardo ,cooperation benefit theory from Marx and scale benefit theory represented by Marshall .These theories are usually adapted to the specific era background .Exogenous absolute advantage theory is adapted to the ancient society when individual differences are mainly decided by nature .Endogenous absolute advantage theory is mainly used in the period of family manual mills when individual skill differences originate from empirical study .External relative advantage theory is adapted to the industrial revolution period w hen the established exogenous resources are taken as the main production elements .Cooperation benefit theory is adapted to the period w hen mechanization production gets rapid development .However ,due to the incompatibility between the division of labor and the free competition thoughts ,Marshall explained scale economy from the angle of external economy ,which leads to transformation and decline of the theory of labor‐division .Obviously ,we can better understand the evolution of the labor‐division theory ,combined with the evolution of social background .