CAJ | 학술논문

陕西渭北旱塬属于暖温带半湿润易旱气候区，干旱对旱地农作物生产威胁严重，该地区制约春玉米生长发育和产量低而不稳的主要因素为降水少且季节性差异较大。该研究力求探索渭北旱塬春玉米连作田在不同保护性耕作措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果和作物增产增收效应。于2007－2013年在陕西合阳实施了渭北旱塬春玉米连作田保护性耕作长期定位试验，设置了连续免耕、免耕/深松和连续翻耕等3种不同轮耕处理措施下的田间定位试验，测定春玉米休闲期和生育期土壤水分，分析各耕作处理下春玉米产量及水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明：①相对于连续翻耕处理，冬闲期免耕/深松和连续免耕处理0～200 cm土层土壤蓄水效率6 a平均值分别提高64.6%（P<0.05）和46.1%（P<0.05）。平水年免耕/深松较连续免耕处理土壤蓄水效率有提高的趋势，但枯水年差异不显著。②相对于连续翻耕处理，玉米生育期免耕/深松和连续免耕处理0～200 cm土层土壤蓄水量6 a平均分别增加了9.7和2.1 mm，休闲期蓄水效率分别增加了0.7和0.5个百分点（P<0.05）。③相对于连续翻耕处理，免耕/深松和连续免耕处理6 a平均玉米籽粒产量分别提高7.6%、0.3%，收获指数分别提高3.6和2.3个百分点，水分利用效率分别提高18.6%、5.8%（P<0.05）。在3种耕作处理中，冬闲期和生育期深松/翻耕和连续免耕模式下土壤蓄水量、玉米籽粒产量、收获指数和水分利用效率均优于传统连续翻耕，且免耕/深松处理模式对于提高土壤蓄水保墒能力和作物增产效果最好，可作为渭北旱塬区春玉米连作田较适宜的休闲保护性轮耕模式。
협서위북한원속우난온대반습윤역한기후구，간한대한지농작물생산위협엄중，해지구제약춘옥미생장발육화산량저이불은적주요인소위강수소차계절성차이교대。해연구력구탐색위북한원춘옥미련작전재불동보호성경작조시하토양축수보상효과화작물증산증수효응。우2007－2013년재협서합양실시료위북한원춘옥미련작전보호성경작장기정위시험，설치료련속면경、면경/심송화련속번경등3충불동륜경처리조시하적전간정위시험，측정춘옥미휴한기화생육기토양수분，분석각경작처리하춘옥미산량급수분이용효솔적변화규률。결과표명：①상대우련속번경처리，동한기면경/심송화련속면경처리0～200 cm토층토양축수효솔6 a평균치분별제고64.6%（P<0.05）화46.1%（P<0.05）。평수년면경/심송교련속면경처리토양축수효솔유제고적추세，단고수년차이불현저。②상대우련속번경처리，옥미생육기면경/심송화련속면경처리0～200 cm토층토양축수량6 a평균분별증가료9.7화2.1 mm，휴한기축수효솔분별증가료0.7화0.5개백분점（P<0.05）。③상대우련속번경처리，면경/심송화련속면경처리6 a평균옥미자립산량분별제고7.6%、0.3%，수획지수분별제고3.6화2.3개백분점，수분이용효솔분별제고18.6%、5.8%（P<0.05）。재3충경작처리중，동한기화생육기심송/번경화련속면경모식하토양축수량、옥미자립산량、수획지수화수분이용효솔균우우전통련속번경，차면경/심송처리모식대우제고토양축수보상능력화작물증산효과최호，가작위위북한원구춘옥미련작전교괄의적휴한보호성륜경모식。
Weibei dryland in Shaanxi Province belongs to the semi-humid drought climate in warm temperate zone, so drought is the biggest limiting factor for crop production in dryland. Shortage of precipitation and its uneven distribution in seasons are the main factors causing the low and unstable yields of winter wheat and spring maize in dryland. The Loess Plateau that is semi-humid and prone-to-drought, is a typical rain-fed agricultural region. Winter wheat and spring maize are main grain crops cultivated in this region. A long-term practice of applying single soil tillage measure in this area causes soil compaction, poor ability of retaining rainwater and improving water use efficiency. Many studies and practices have demonstrated that reasonable soil rotational tillage systems matching different crop rotation systems have played a very important role in maintaining sustainable development of farmland ecosystem, creating suitable environment (soil, nutrients, water, air, temperature) condition for crop growth and promoting crop yields. In order to investigate the effects of different rotational tillage systems on soil production performance in maize fields, the soil water storage, crop yield and water use efficiency as well as economic benefit were determined on the Loess Plateau of China, which would provide a theoretical basis for establishing a reasonable soil tillage system for the crop rotation system with certain fertilizing method on the semi-humid and prone-to-drought Loess Plateau. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil water conservation, grain yield and benefit increase in spring maize rotation region in Weibei highland. A six-year field experiment was carried out from 2007 to 2013 in Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Ganjing Town (35°33′N;110°08′E;900 m above sea level), Shaanxi Province. Three kinds of different rotational tillage systems in this experiment included continuous no-tillage (NT), no-tillage/subsoiling rotation (NT/ST), and continuous ploughing treatments (CT). The soil moisture during leisure and growth period of spring maize was measured, and the variation regularity of spring maize yield and water use efficiency was analyzed under 3 rotational tillage systems. Results revealed that: 1) Compared to continuous ploughing treatments, average water storage efficiency in 0-200cm soil layers of no tillage with subsoiling rotation and continuous no tillage in six-year winter fallow periods increased (P<0.05) 64.6%and 46.1%. In normal rainfall years, water storage efficiency of no tillage with subsoiling rotation was little higher than continuous no tillage, but it was no significant difference in drought years. 2) Compared to the CT treatment, the average soil water content in 0-200 cm soil layer for the NT/ST and NT treatment in maize growth period in 6 years increased by 9.7 and 2.1 mm, respectively, and the water storage efficiency in the fallow period increased by 0.7 and 0.5 (P<0.05) percentage point, respectively. 3) Compared to the CT treatment, the corn grain yield for the NT/ST and NT treatment in 6 years increased by 7.6%and 0.3%(P<0.05), respectively, the harvest index increased by 3.6 and 2.3 percentage point, respectively, and the water use efficiency increased by 18.6%and 5.8% (P<0.05), respectively. Among the 3 tillage treatments, the effects of soil water storage capacity, crop yield, harvest index and water use efficiency for the NT/ST and NT treatment were better than those for the CT treatment in the fallow period of winter, and the effects of soil moisture conservation and crop yield increment for the NT/ST treatment were the best, so the NT/ST treatment was the more suitable conservation tillage pattern in spring maize field of Weibei dryland.