河北北方学院学报（社会科学版）
河北北方學院學報（社會科學版）
하북북방학원학보（사회과학판）
JOURNAL OF HEBEI NORTH UNIVERSITY
2015年
4期
60-65
,共6页
封贡制度%近代条约体系%天朝上国%士大夫
封貢製度%近代條約體繫%天朝上國%士大伕
봉공제도%근대조약체계%천조상국%사대부
tributary system%modern treaty system%imperial court%scholar-officials
封贡制度向近代条约体制让步是晚清的一个显著特点。经过两次鸦片战争，“天朝上国”中国被迫承认与西方列强在外交上的平等关系，西方列强不再是不受中华文化所醇化的“化外之邦”，而是与中国平等的敌体国家。虽然被纳入条约体系，但是以中国为中心的封贡关系亦能相当维持，故士大夫的“天朝上国”心理还很普遍，多数士人在心理上仍顽固地视西方各国为蛮夷之邦。
封貢製度嚮近代條約體製讓步是晚清的一箇顯著特點。經過兩次鴉片戰爭，“天朝上國”中國被迫承認與西方列彊在外交上的平等關繫，西方列彊不再是不受中華文化所醇化的“化外之邦”，而是與中國平等的敵體國傢。雖然被納入條約體繫，但是以中國為中心的封貢關繫亦能相噹維持，故士大伕的“天朝上國”心理還很普遍，多數士人在心理上仍頑固地視西方各國為蠻夷之邦。
봉공제도향근대조약체제양보시만청적일개현저특점。경과량차아편전쟁，“천조상국”중국피박승인여서방렬강재외교상적평등관계，서방렬강불재시불수중화문화소순화적“화외지방”，이시여중국평등적활체국가。수연피납입조약체계，단시이중국위중심적봉공관계역능상당유지，고사대부적“천조상국”심리환흔보편，다수사인재심리상잉완고지시서방각국위만이지방。
It is a remarkable characteristic in the late Qing Dynasty that Tributary System made a con-cession to modern treaty system.After two opium wars,the overconfident China was forced to admit the e-qual relationship with western powers in foreign affairs.And they were no longer “foreign countries beyond being nurtured by the Chinese culture”,but equal enemy states with China.Although China was brought into the treaty system,the Tributary System centered on China could be maintained.Therefore,the psy-chology of the Chinese scholar-officials’imperial court was still general,and many of them were still stub-bornly taking western countries as barbarian ones psychologically.
